評論
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It's got to be philanthropic, because profits distract biotech,
這些研究的錢的來源最好是慈善，因?yàn)槔麧檿?huì)分散生物技術(shù)研究公司的注意力，
but it's basically got a 90 percent chance, I think, of succeeding in this.
但我認(rèn)為它基本上有著百分之九十的機(jī)會(huì)成功。
And I think we know how to do it. And I'll stop there.
因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)知道應(yīng)該怎么做。我就說到這里。
Thank you.
謝謝您。
OK. I don't know if there's going to be any questions
好。我不知道大家有沒有問題，
but I thought I would give people the chance.
但我想我會(huì)給他們機(jī)會(huì)。
Since you've been talking about aging and trying to defeat it,
既然你在談?wù)摾淆g化，并試圖戰(zhàn)勝它，
why is it that you make yourself appear like an old man?
那為什么你看上去就像一位老人呢？
Because I am an old man. I am actually 158.
因?yàn)槲沂且粋€(gè)老人。其實(shí)我是已經(jīng)是一百五十八歲。
Species on this planet have evolved with immune systems
這個(gè)星球上的物種進(jìn)化了免疫系統(tǒng)，
to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate.
以對抗各種的疾病，使個(gè)人活到足夠生育的年齡。
However, as far as I know, all the species have evolved to actually die,
不過，據(jù)我所知，所有的物種都進(jìn)化到實(shí)際會(huì)死亡，
so when cells divide, the telomerase get shorter, and eventually species die.
因此，當(dāng)細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)，端粒酶變得越來越短了，最終物種死亡。
So, why does -- evolution has -- seems to have selected against immortality,
那么，為什么進(jìn)化過程似乎已選定‘針對’永存不朽？
when it is so advantageous, or is evolution just incomplete?
或者那只是進(jìn)化過程還不完整？
Brilliant. Thank you for asking a question
好！謝謝你問一個(gè)我可以
that I can answer with an uncontroversial answer.
用一個(gè)沒有爭議的答案來回答你。
I'm going to tell you the genuine mainstream answer to your question,
我要告訴你主流思想的答案來回答你的問題，
which I happen to agree with,
我也恰巧同意這個(gè)答案。
which is that, no, aging is not a product of selection, evolution;
那就是，不，老化不是一個(gè)進(jìn)化過程的后果，
is simply a product of evolutionary neglect.
只是進(jìn)化過程所忽視的后果。
In other words, we have aging because it's hard work not to have aging;
換句話說，我們會(huì)老化，因?yàn)闆]有老化的話比較難；
you need more genetic pathways, more sophistication in your genes
你需要更多的遺傳途徑，你的基因需要變得更復(fù)雜，
in order to age more slowly,
以便讓你老的比較慢些，
and that carries on being true the longer you push it out.
而且你越想要把老化推遲，你就越需要面對這些難題。
So, to the extent that evolution doesn't matter,
因此，到進(jìn)化不重要的程度，
doesn't care whether genes are passed on by individuals,
不在乎是個(gè)體，
living a long time or by procreation,
或則生活的很長的一段時(shí)間，
there's a certain amount of modulation of that,
或則靠生育種種方法來把基因傳給下一代，有一定的調(diào)節(jié)，
which is why different species have different lifespans,
這就是為什么不同物種有不同的壽命，
but that's why there are no immortal species.
但是這就是為什么沒有永存的物種。
The genes don't care but we do?
這些基因并不關(guān)心，但我們關(guān)心？
That's right.
是的。
Hello. I read somewhere that in the last 20 years,
您好。我聽說在過去的二十年中，
the average lifespan of basically anyone on the planet has grown by 10 years.
基本上這個(gè)星球上的人的平均壽命增長了十年。
If I project that, that would make me think
如果以這個(gè)資料推斷，如果我沒有在我的摩托車上發(fā)生任何事故，
that I would live until 120 if I don't crash on my motorbike.
我將能夠活到一百二十歲。
That means that I'm one of your subjects to become a 1,000-year-old?
這意味著，我將會(huì)變成你所謂能夠活到一千年研究課題之一？
If you lose a bit of weight.
如果你瘦一點(diǎn)兒。
Your numbers are a bit out.
你的數(shù)據(jù)有點(diǎn)出入。
The standard numbers are that lifespans
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)字是，
have been growing at between one and two years per decade.
壽命已經(jīng)在每十年增長一至兩年。
So, it's not quite as good as you might think, you might hope.
因此，它不是你覺得或希望的那么好。
But I intend to move it up to one year per year as soon as possible.
不過，我打算盡快將它快速發(fā)展到每年壽命多一年。
I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults
我被告知，許多我們成人的腦細(xì)胞，
are actually in the human embryo,
實(shí)際上在胚胎里是就有了，
and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.
而腦細(xì)胞能活八十年左右的時(shí)間。
If that is indeed true,
如果事實(shí)的確如此，
biologically are there implications in the world of rejuvenation?
在生理的角度看，對再生的世界會(huì)有什么影響？
If there are cells in my body that live all 80 years,
如果在我身體的所有細(xì)胞，
as opposed to a typical, you know, couple of months?
可以活到八十年，而不是一個(gè)典型的在兩個(gè)月就死去的細(xì)胞？
There are technical implications certainly.
當(dāng)然，這是技術(shù)問題。
Basically what we need to do is replace cells
基本上我們需要做的是取代大腦
in those few areas of the brain that lose cells at a respectable rate,
的幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域的細(xì)胞的流失率，
especially neurons, but we don't want to replace them
尤其是神經(jīng)元，但我們不想比
any faster than that -- or not much faster anyway,
那流失率更快地取代任何細(xì)胞 –
because replacing them too fast would degrade cognitive function.
因?yàn)楦鼡Q地太快會(huì)降低認(rèn)知功能。
What I said about there being no non-aging species earlier on
我剛剛說的沒有不老化物種
was a little bit of an oversimplification.
是有點(diǎn)過于簡單化。
There are species that have no aging -- Hydra for example --
有些物種沒有老化。例如水螅 –
but they do it by not having a nervous system --
因?yàn)樗麄儧]有一個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) –
and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function
也沒有任何用于老化的的細(xì)胞
on very long-lived cells.
卻有長壽的細(xì)胞組織。
