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Another example:
還有一個例子
a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old,
幾年前，我接到一個十九歲的男孩打來的電話
who was born a boy, raised a boy,
他生下來是個男孩，也被當作男孩來養
had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend,
后來有了女朋友，也和女友發生了性關系
had a life as a guy
一直過著男孩的生活
and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.
但是最近，他發現自己體內有卵巢和子宮
What he had was an extreme form
他所有的是一種很極端的病癥
of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
叫做類固醇21-羥化酶缺乏癥
He had XX chromosomes,
他攜帶XX染色體
and in the womb,
并且在子宮內的時候
his adrenal glands were in such high gear
他的腎上腺很活躍
that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment.
從而形成了一個男性荷爾蒙的環境
And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinzed,
結果就是，他發育了男性生殖器官
his brain was subject
他的大腦接受了
to the more typical masculine component of hormones.
更多的典型的男性荷爾蒙
And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything.
因此他生下來看起來像個男孩兒--根本沒人懷疑
And it was only when he had reached the age of 19
只有當他長到19歲的時候
that he began to have enough medical problems
當他開始遇到生理問題的時候
actually from menstruating internally,
其實是在體內出現月經起
that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female internally.
醫生發現，實際上他的內部是女性
Okay, so just one more quick example
好，我們再來快速的看一個例子
of a way you can have intersex.
另一個可能帶來兩性特征的情況
Some people who have XX chromosomes
有XX染色體的一些人
develop what are called ovotestis,
會發育一種叫做卵睪的器官
which is when you have ovarian tissue
也就是當卵巢組織
with testicular tissue wrapped around it.
被睪丸組織包裹起來的一種器官
And we're not exactly sure why that happens.
我們還不能確定它的成因
So sex can come in lots of different varieties.
所以說性別可以是很多種形式
The reason
擁有這些身體特征的
that children with these kinds of bodies --
孩子們——
whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning,
不論是侏儒癥，或者連體嬰兒
or it's an intersex type --
或者是雙性型的——
are often normalized by surgeons
常被外科醫生手術糾正的原因
is not because it actually leaves them better off
實際上并不是為了
in terms of physical health.
身體健康
In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy.
因為很多情況下，他們的身體其實都很健康
The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries
他們接受各種外科手術的原因
is because they threaten our social categories.
是因為他們受到我們社會上對人分類的威脅
Or system has been based typically on the idea
或者說社會上已經有一個典型的認識
that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity.
什么樣的身體結構，有什么樣的特征
So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman
因此，我們的概念就是作為一個女人
is to have a female identity;
就必須有女性的特性
what it means to be a black person is, allegedly,
以此類推，一個黑人
is to have an African anatomy
就得具有非洲人的身體結構特征
in terms of your history.
在你的履歷中
And so we have this terribly simplistic idea.
因此我們就有了這種過于簡單的認識
And when we're faced with a body
當我們面對一個
that actually presents us something quite different,
某些方面是與眾不同的身體的時候
it startles us in terms of those categorizations.
那些不能歸類的想法讓我們感到吃驚
So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture
因此我們的文化中有很多天真的想法
about individualism.
是關于個人主義的
And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism.
并且我們國家建立在一個非常不實際的個人主義的概念上的
Well you can imagine how startling then it is
好，你可以想象那多么令人震驚
when you have children that are born
當你的兩個孩子
who are two people inside of one body.
出生的時候是在一個身體中的
Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently
我最近一次遇到這種情況是
was last year the South African runner, Caster Semenya,
去年的時候，非洲田徑運動員，卡斯特爾·塞門亞
had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin.
在柏林國際比賽中被質疑性別問題
I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me,
許多記者給我打電話，問我
"Which is the test they're going to run
“他們會用哪種檢測方法
that will tell us whether or not
來向大家證明
Caster Semenya is male or female?"
卡斯特爾·塞門亞是男還是女？”
And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test.
于是我不得不跟他們解釋說，根本沒有檢測的方法
In fact, we now know
事實上，我們現在已經了解
that sex is complicated enough
性別是非常復雜的
that we have to admit
我們不得不承認
nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female,
大自然根本就沒有一個明確的分界線來區分男性或女性
or between male and intersex and female and intersex;
或者男性和雙性以及女性和雙性
we actually draw that line on nature.
這條分界線實際上是我們自己畫的
So what we have is a sort of situation
因此我們現在的情況是
where the farther our science goes,
科學越發展
the more we have to admit to ourselves
我們越得承認
that these categories
這些性別的分類形式
that we thought of as stable anatomical categories
也就是我們認為很理所當然的身體結構學上的分類
that mapped very simply
是過于簡單地
to stable identity categories
給特性分了類
are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.
實際情況要比我們想象的模糊的多
And it's not just in terms of sex.
并且這不僅僅是關于性別的問題
It's also in terms of race,
也同樣是關于種族的問題
which turns out to be vastly more complicated
這個復雜程度
than our terminology has allowed.
遠不是我們的學術語言所能形容的
