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And that was democracy growing up,
民主制度在當(dāng)時正在形成
but it was also science growing up at the same time.
但同時科技也在發(fā)展
And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers,
非常明顯的是，如果你注意一下建國者的歷史
a lot of them were very interested in science,
他們中的許多人都對科學(xué)很感興趣
and they were interested in a concept
并且他們都對自然主義世界這個概念
of a naturalistic world.
很感興趣
They were moving away from supernatural explanations,
他們摒棄超自然的說法
and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power,
他們排斥那些關(guān)于超自然力量的說法
where it transmitted
因?yàn)槌匀涣α康母拍畋粋鞑?/div>
because of a very vague concept of birthright.
是基于非常模糊的身世的理念
They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.
他們倡導(dǎo)自然主義的概念
And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence,
如果你觀察會發(fā)現(xiàn)，例如在獨(dú)立宣言中
they talk about nature and nature's God.
他們提及到自然和自然之神
They don't talk about God and God's nature.
他們沒有提到上帝和上帝的自然
They're talking about the power of nature
他們提到自然的力量
to tell us who we are.
來解釋我們是誰
So as part of that,
因此作為其中的一部分
they were coming to us with a concept
他們?yōu)槲覀儙硪粋€概念
that was about anatomical commonality.
那就是人人生來平等
And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way
為此，他們確實(shí)為將來的民權(quán)運(yùn)動
the Civil Rights movement of the future.
鋪墊了一個很美好的道路
They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great.
他們想不到將來會怎樣，但是他們?yōu)槲覀兊於嘶A(chǔ)，這是非常偉大的
So what happened years afterward?
那么數(shù)年后發(fā)生了什么呢？
What happened was women, for example,
例如在女性身上都發(fā)生了什么
who wanted the right to vote,
她們渴望投票的權(quán)利
took the Founding Fathers' concept
按照建國者的概念
of anatomical commonality being more important
人人平等要遠(yuǎn)重要于
than anatomical difference
人的出身
and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries
她們說：“我們有子宮和卵巢是事實(shí)
is not significant enough in terms of a difference
這些不同完全不足以
to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote,
意味著我們沒有投票權(quán)
the right to full citizenship,
沒有充分的公民權(quán)利
the right to own property, etc., etc."
沒有私人財產(chǎn)權(quán)等等”
And women successfully argued that.
女性的主張獲得了成效
Next came the successful Civil Rights movement,
接下來便是成功的民權(quán)運(yùn)動
where we found people like Sojourner Truth
運(yùn)動中出現(xiàn)了像索杰納·特魯思這樣的人
talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"
她的名言“我就不是女人嗎？”
We find men
我們知道男人
on the marching lines of the Civil Rights movement
曾經(jīng)在民權(quán)運(yùn)動的發(fā)展路線上
saying, "I am a man."
有句名言“我是個男人”
Again, people of color
此外，有色人群
appealing to a commonality of anatomy over a difference of anatomy,
呼吁人人平等而不應(yīng)種族歧視
again, successfully.
再者，
We see the same thing with the disability rights movement.
我們看到同樣的成功案例發(fā)生在傷殘人士的權(quán)利運(yùn)動中
The problem is, of course,
問題是，當(dāng)然
that, as we begin to look at all that commonality,
當(dāng)我們開始去審視所有的公民
we have to begin to question
我們不得不開始質(zhì)疑
why we maintain certain divisions.
為什么我們?nèi)ゾS護(hù)一個固定的界限
Now mind you, I want to maintain some divisions,
現(xiàn)在，需要提醒大家的是，我希望去保持一些界限
anatomically, in our culture.
身體結(jié)構(gòu)上的，在我們的文化范圍被內(nèi)
For example, I don't want
舉個例子，我不希望
to give a fish the same rights as a human.
給予魚和人類一樣的權(quán)利
I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy.
我不希望我們放棄一切在解剖學(xué)上的區(qū)分界限
I don't want to say five-year-olds
我不希望，一個五歲的孩子
should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry.
可以被允許有性行為或者說允許結(jié)婚
So there are some anatomical divisions
所以說，有一些在解剖學(xué)上的界限
that make sense to me and that I think we should retain.
對我們來說是有意義的，我想那些應(yīng)該被保留
But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are
但是，艱巨的任務(wù)是試著去找出哪些是應(yīng)該保留的
and why do we retain them and do they have meaning.
為什么我們要保留它們，它們有什么意義
So let's go back to those two beings
所以，讓我們回到剛才說到的那兩人
conceived at the beginning of this talk.
就是演講一開始所虛構(gòu)的那兩個人
We have two beings, both conceived
我們有兩對夫婦
in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day.
都在1979年年中的同一天懷孕了
Let's imagine one of them, Mary,
讓我們設(shè)想一下，瑪麗
is born three months prematurely,
提前三個月出生了
so she's born on June 1, 1980.
因此她出生于1980年6月1日
Henry, by contrast, is born at term,
亨利，相反的，足月出生
so he's born on March 1, 1980.
他出生于1980年3月1日
Simply by virtue of the fact
僅僅是由于
that Mary was born prematurely three months,
瑪麗早出生了三個月這個事實(shí)
she comes into all sorts of rights
她獲得各種權(quán)利的時間
three months earlier than Henry does --
要比亨利早三個月
the right to consent to sex,
允許有性行為的權(quán)利
the right to vote, the right to drink.
選舉的權(quán)利，喝酒的權(quán)利
Henry has to wait for all of that,
亨利就不得不等待
not because he's actually any different in age, biologically,
他的生理學(xué)年齡沒有任何不同
except in terms of when he was born.
只是因?yàn)樗錾臅r間不同
We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are.
我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)其他一些離奇的權(quán)利問題
Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male --
亨利，由于被假定為男性--
although I haven't told you that he's the XY one --
盡管我沒有告訴過大家他是XY型染色體——
by virtue of being assumed to be male
由于被假定為男性
is now liable to be drafted,
所以現(xiàn)在要應(yīng)征入伍
which Mary does not need to worry about.
瑪麗就不需要去擔(dān)心這些
Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states
與此同時，瑪麗不能在所有的州
have the same right that Henry has in all the states,
像亨利一樣享受同樣權(quán)利
namely, the right to marry.
也就是，結(jié)婚的權(quán)利
Henry can marry in every state a woman,
亨利可以在任何一個州結(jié)婚
but Mary can only marry today in a few states a woman.
但是瑪麗如今只能在少數(shù)幾個州娶一位女性
So we have these anatomical categories that persist
因此我們所堅持的一些結(jié)構(gòu)上的生物分類
that are in many ways problematic and questionable.
它們在很多方面是有問題并且需要質(zhì)疑的
