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All Cacilda and I have done is extend this sharing behavior to sexuality.
我和卡希爾達只是將這種分享行為擴展到了性上
So we've argued that human sexuality
我們認為人類的性
has essentially evolved, until agriculture,
直到農業出現之前
as a way of establishing and maintaining
一直是作為一種方式來建立和維持
the complex, flexible social systems, networks, that our ancestors were very good at,
我們祖先所擅長的那種復雜靈活的社會網絡
and that's why our species has survived so well.
我們人類能夠如此好地存活，這就是原因
Now, this makes some people uncomfortable,
這讓有些人覺得有些不舒服
and so I always need to take a moment in these talks to say, listen,
因此，講到這里，我總是需要解釋一下，聽著
I'm saying our ancestors were promiscuous,
我說我們的祖先是混雜交配的
but I'm not saying they were having sex with strangers.
但我沒有說他們會同陌生人發生性關系
There were no strangers. Right?
其實根本就沒有陌生人
In a huntergatherer band, there are no strangers.
在狩獵采集的隊伍里，沒有陌生人
You've known these people your entire life.
這些人都是一輩子待在一起的
So I'm saying, yes, there were overlapping sexual relationships,
我想說，沒錯，這里有重疊的性關系
that our ancestors probably had several different sexual relationships
我們的祖先可能有多個不同的性關系
going on at any given moment in their adult lives.
同時存在于成年生活的某個特定時期
But I'm not saying they were having sex with strangers.
但我沒說他們會同陌生人發生性關系
I'm not saying that they didn't love the people they were having sex with.
我也沒說，他們不愛和他們發生關系的人
And I'm not saying there was no pairbonding going on.
我也沒有說這里沒有配偶關系
I'm just saying it wasn't sexually exclusive.
我只是說，交配并不具有排他性
And those of us who have chosen to be monogamous
我們中不少人選擇只進行夫妻交配
my parents, for example, have been married for 52 years monogamously,
例如我父母，他們52年來一直都是如此
and if it wasn't monogamously, Mom and Dad,
如果父母不是只進行夫妻交配
I don't want to hear about it
我顯然不想聽到
I'm not criticizing this and I'm not saying there's anything wrong with this.
我沒有批評這種做法，這樣做沒什么錯
What I'm saying is that to argue
我只是想說
that our ancestors were sexual omnivores
我們的祖先是性雜食者
is no more a criticism of monogamy
這并不是對夫妻單配的批評
than to argue that our ancestors were dietary omnivores
就像說我們的祖先是飲食雜食者
is a criticism of vegetarianism.
并不是批評素食主義一樣
You can choose to be a vegetarian,
你可以選擇成為素食者
but don't think that just because you've made that decision,
不過不要認為你作出了這樣的選擇
bacon suddenly stops smelling good.
培根肉就突然變得不香了
Okay? So this is my point.
這就是我的觀點
That one took a minute to sink in, huh?
這可能需要點時間理解
Now, in addition to being a great genius, a wonderful man, a wonderful husband,
達爾文是一個偉大的天才，一個出色的丈夫
a wonderful father, Charles Darwin
一個出色的父親
was also a worldclass Victorian prude.
同時也是維多利亞時代一位世界級的拘守禮儀者
All right? He was perplexed
讓他感到很迷惑的是
by the sexual swellings of certain primates, including chimps and bonobos,
特定靈長類動物的性突起，包括黑猩猩和倭猩猩
because these sexual swellings tend to provoke many males to mate with the females.
因為這些性突起會挑逗多個雄性來同雌性交配
So he couldn't understand why on Earth would the female have developed this thing
他不能理解，如果只需要同配偶交配
if all they were supposed to be doing is forming their pair bond, right?
為什么雌性會進化得到這種東西
Chimps and bonobos, Darwin didn't really know this, but chimps and bonobos mate
達爾文當時還不知道，黑猩猩和倭猩猩
one to four times per hour with up to a dozen males per day
每小時會交配一到四次，每天最多會和十多個雄性交配
when they have their sexual swellings.
這就是擁有性突起時發生的情況
Interestingly,
有趣的是
chimps have sexual swellings through 40 percent, roughly, of their menstrual cycle,
黑猩猩在月經周期大約40%的時間擁有性突起
bonobos 90 percent,
而倭猩猩的數字則是90%
and humans are among the only species on the planet
而人類是地球上唯一一種
where the female is available for sex throughout the menstrual cycle,
雌性在整個月經周期中都能發生性關系的物種
whether she's menstruating, whether she's postmenopausal, whether she's already pregnant.
無論是月經來潮還是停經后，甚至已經懷孕
This is vanishingly rare among mammals.
這在哺乳動物中是獨一無二的
So it's a very interesting aspect of human sexuality.
這是人類性方面很有趣的一個側面
Now, Darwin ignored the reflections of the sexual swelling in his own day,
達爾文在當時忽略了對性突起的思考
as scientists tend to do sometimes.
科學家們有時會這樣做
So what we're talking about is sperm competition.
下面來看精子競爭
Now the average human ejaculate has about 300 million sperm cells,
一般男性一次射出大約三億精子
so it's already a competitive environment.
這是競爭性很強的環境
The question is whether these sperm are competing against other men's sperm
問題是，這些精子是同其他男人的精子競爭
or just their own.
還是只在自己之間競爭
There's a lot to talk about in this chart.
這張圖中有很多值得講的
The one thing I'll call your attention to right away
我首先希望大家注意的是
is the little musical note above the female chimp and bonobo and human.
雌性大猩猩，倭猩猩和人類上方所畫的音符
That indicates female copulatory vocalization.
表示雌性交配發聲
Just look at the numbers.
看看數字
The average human has sex about 1,000 times per birth.
人類平均要做愛大約一千次才能生出一個孩子
If that number seems high for some of you,
這個數字對于你們有些人可能高了
I assure you it seems low for others in the room.
不過放心，肯定有人覺得這個數字低了
We share that ratio with chimps and bonobos.
我們只同黑猩猩和倭猩猩在這個比例上近似
We don't share it with the other three apes,
其它三類猿的數字都不是這樣
the gorilla, the orangutan and the gibbon, who are more typical of mammals,
大猩猩，紅猩猩和長臂猿，它們都是典型哺乳動物
having sex only about a dozen times per birth.
大約十幾次交配就能生出一個孩子
Humans and bonobos are the only animals that have sex facetoface
所有動物中，只有人類和倭猩猩會面對面交配
when both of them are alive.
當雙方都活著的時候
And you'll see that the human, chimp and bonobo
還可以看到，人類，黑猩猩，倭猩猩
all have external testicles, which in our book
都有外置睪丸，我們在書中
we equate to a special fridge you have in the garage just for beer.
將這說成是車庫中隨時取用啤酒的特置冰箱
If you're the kind of guy who has a beer fridge in the garage,
車庫里有冰箱放啤酒的話
you expect a party to happen at any moment, and you need to be ready.
你就做好了隨時開派對的準備
That's what the external testicles are.
外置睪丸就是這個用途
They keep the sperm cells cool so you can have frequent ejaculations.
它們能夠讓精子保持冰爽，讓你能夠更頻繁地射精
