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So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago,where a monkey, without moving its body,learned to control the movements of an avatar arm,a virtual arm that doesn't exist.
那么這只是我們幾年前發表的一個實驗，一只猴子，無需動自己的身體，學會控制一個機械手臂，一個不存在的虛擬的手臂。
What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey as it explores three different visually identical spheres in virtual space.
你們聽到的是這只猴子腦部的聲音在虛擬空間里邊探索三個視覺上相同的球體。
And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,this animal has to detect, select one of these objects by touching,not by seeing it, by touching it,because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects,an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal describing the fine texture of the surface of this object, so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab, and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle.
獎勵就是給猴子一滴它喜歡的橙汁，這只猴子需要通過觸摸來探測和選取其中一個物品，不是通過觀察，而是通過觸摸，因為每當虛擬手臂觸摸一個物體時，一個電子脈沖就會傳到猴子的腦部給這個動物描述物體表面的質地，猴子就能夠判斷它需要選哪個物體，如果它找到正確的物體， 他將無需動一塊肌肉而得到獎賞。
The perfect Brazilian lunch:
完美的巴西式午餐，
not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.
無需勞動而獲得獎勵。
So as we saw this happening,we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago.
當我們發現這個之后，我們得出了15年前提出的觀點。
We reenacted this paper.
我們重新起草了文章。
We got it out of the drawers,and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility.
我們從箱子里找回這篇文章，并提出或許我們可以讓一個癱瘓的人運用腦機接口重新獲得運動能力。
The idea was that if you suffered and that can happen to any one of us.
大意就是如果你患有癱瘓,它很有可能發生到任何人身上。
Let me tell you, it's very sudden.
我和你們說，世事無常。
It's a millisecond of a collision,a car accident that transforms your life completely.
這是毫秒之差的一個事故，一次車禍就改變了你的一生。
If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord,you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles.
如果你的脊髓完全損傷，你無法運動因為你的腦電風暴無法 將信號發送到你的肌肉中。
However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head.
然而，你的腦電風暴不斷在腦部產生。
Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night.
截癱，全身癱瘓的患者 每天都夢到自己又能運動四肢。
They have that inside their head.
他們在腦子里有這樣的感覺。
The problem is how to get that code out of it and make the movement be created again.
問題就是我們怎么把它轉碼變成動作，
So what we proposed was, let's create a new body.
所以我們提出的是 造一個新的肢體。
Let's create a robotic vest.
創造一個機器背心。
And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking,because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move and to regain feedback.
這就是為什么Juliano能夠通過想象來踢球，因為他穿著第一件腦控機器背心能夠幫助截癱，全身癱瘓的患者重新運動并且重新得到運動反饋。
That was the original idea, 15 years ago.
這就是15年前的想法。
What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth,dropped their lives, dropped their patents,dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs,and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done.
我要給你們展示的是從25個國家來自這個美麗星球的五大洲的156人，放下他們的生活 離開他們的父母，寵物、妻子、兒女、功課、工作，聚集到巴西度過18個月來完成這個項目。
Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup,we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful in the opening ceremony in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer until we met the Germans, of course.
因為在幾年后巴西成功申請舉辦世界杯，我們聽說巴西政府想在開幕式上做一些意義非凡的事情在這個重塑并完善足球的國家當然，那是在我們碰到德國人之前。
But that's a different talk,and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that.
但那又是另一個話題了,這是另一類神經學家該討論的問題。
But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase a completely different country,
但巴西想要做的是展現一個完全不一樣的國家，
a country that values science and technology,and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury.
一個重視科學和技術的國家，能夠為全球2500萬因為脊髓受傷而無法行動的人一個禮物。
Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed,well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup be given by a Brazilian paraplegic using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball and to feel the contact of the ball.
我們向巴西政府和國際足聯提出建議，讓我們邀請一個巴西截癱患者使用一個大腦控制的骨骼康復機器人讓他能接觸并感受到球來為2014世界杯開球。
They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts,and said, Okay, let's try.
他們像看到一群瘋子一樣地看著我們然后說好吧，我們來試一下。
We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch.
我們有18個月的時間從零開始。
We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients, we had nothing done.
我們沒有機器人，沒有患者，我們什么都沒有。
These people came all together and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training and basically built from nothing this guy, that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.
這些人聚集在一起并且在18個月的時間里 我們有8位患者進行日常訓練基本上是從零開始，這個家伙，我們稱它為Bra-Santos Dumont一號。
The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever,Alberto Santos Dumont,who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see.
第一個腦控骨骼康復機器人是以巴西最著名的科學家，阿爾貝托桑托斯杜蒙來命名，他在1901年10月19號 發明并自行飛行了第一架駕駛飛艇 在巴黎上空在百萬人們的注視下飛行。
Sorry, my American friends,I live in North Carolina,but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew on the coast of North Carolina.
對不起，我的美國朋友們，我住在北卡羅納，但萊特兄弟是在兩年后才在北卡的岸邊成功試飛的。
