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I think as seniors, you are often required by your instructors to do some library research on this topic or that.
我認為，導師經常要求你們這些高年級學生去做一些關于各個話題的圖書館研究。
And, in the end, you have to write a research paper, right? Then what is writing a research paper like?
最后，你還要寫一篇研究論文，對吧？那么寫研究論文到底是怎么回事呢？
How are we going to write one? What are the steps in producing a research paper and what are the points we need to take care of?
怎么寫呢？寫研究論文的步驟是什么？我們需要注意的要點是什么？
In today's lecture, I'll try to answer these questions.
在今天的課上，我將嘗試回答這些問題。
First of all, what is writing a research paper like? We may start by comparing it to an ordinary essay, a form of writing you are very familiar with.
首先，寫研究論文到底是怎么回事呢？我們可以先把它與普通的文章作比較，也就是你非常熟悉的寫作形式。
Writing a research paper is much like writing an essay. Both kinds of writing involve many of the same basic steps.
寫一篇研究論文就像寫一篇文章。這兩種寫作有許多相同的基本步驟。
That is, choosing a topic, asking questions to define and develop the topic, identifying the audience,
也就是說，選擇主題，提出問題來定義和詳述主題，確定讀者，
getting raw material to work with, outlining the paper, writing it, and, finally, revising it.
獲取原材料，列出提綱，撰寫論文，最后修改。
These are the steps shared between research paper writing and essay writing.
這些是研究論文寫作和文章寫作共有的步驟。
Is there any difference, you may ask. Yes. What makes a research paper different is that much of your raw material comes not from your own head,
你可能會問，有什么區別嗎？有。研究論文的不同之處在于，你的大部分原材料不是來自你自己的知識儲備，
but from printed sources: mainly books and periodicals in the library.
而是來自紙質文件：主要是圖書館里的書籍和期刊。
Collecting raw material, that is reading books and taking notes, is very much like the process of brainstorming at the prewriting stage of an ordinary essay.
收集原始資料，即讀書和記筆記，就像普通文章寫作之前，進行頭腦風暴的過程。
Generally speaking, there are two basic types of research papers, and a paper may belong to either type.
一般來說，研究論文有兩種基本類型，一篇論文可能屬于其中之一。
It may be a survey of facts and opinions available on a given topic or an analytical argument that uses those facts and opinions to prove a point.
它可能是對某一特定主題的事實和觀點的調查，或者是利用這些事實和觀點來證明某一觀點的分析論證。
Your instructor may tell you which kind of paper you are expected to write. If not, you yourself should eventually choose between surveying and arguing.
你的老師可能會告訴你，你應該寫哪種類型的論文。如果沒有，你自己應該在調查和論證之間做出選擇。
You will then have a definite way of managing your sources.
然后你要有一個明晰的方式來管理自己的資料來源。
