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Now, let's take a look at how you are going to write a survey-type research paper or an argumentative research paper.
現(xiàn)在，讓我們來看看調(diào)查類和分析論證類的研究論文怎么寫。
In a survey-type research paper, you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic.
在一份調(diào)查類的研究論文中，你要收集某一特定主題的事實(shí)和各種觀點(diǎn)。
You make little attempt to interpret or evaluate what your sources say or to prove a particular point.
你很少需要去解釋或評估你收集到的信息源的內(nèi)容，或證明某個(gè)特定的觀點(diǎn)。
Instead, through quotation, summary, and paraphrase, you try to provide a representative sampling of facts and opinions to give an objective report on your topic.
相反，通過引用、總結(jié)和釋義，你可以將事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有代表性地抽樣，給出一個(gè)關(guān)于研究主題的客觀報(bào)告。
You explain the pros and cons of various attitudes or opinions, but you don't side definitely with any one of them.
你要解釋各種態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的利與弊，但你并不一定需要同意其中的任何一個(gè)。
While in an argumentative research paper, you do considerably more. You do not simply quote, paraphrase, and summarize as you do in a survey-type paper.
而寫分析論證類的文章，需要做的工作多一些。你不能像調(diào)查類文章里那樣，簡單地引用、解釋和總結(jié)。
You interpret, question, compare, and judge the statements you cite.
你要對引用的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行解釋，質(zhì)疑，比較，判斷。
You explain why one opinion is sound and another is not; why one fact is relevant and another is not; why one writer is correct and another is mistaken.
你要解釋為什么這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)站得住腳，而另一個(gè)并非如此；為什么這個(gè)事實(shí)與主題相關(guān)，另一個(gè)則不相關(guān)；為什么這個(gè)作者是正確的，而另一個(gè)是錯(cuò)誤的。
What's more, your purpose may vary with your topic. You may try to explain a situation to recommend a course of action,
更重要的是，研究目的可能隨著主題的不同而不同。你可能嘗試解釋一種情況，并提出行動(dòng)建議，
to reveal the solution to a problem, or to present and defend a particular interpretation of a historical event or a work of art.
提出問題的解決方案，或?qū)δ骋粴v史事件或藝術(shù)作品做出特定闡釋并論證。
But whether the topic is space travel or trends in contemporary American literature, an argumentative research paper deals actively – I say it again,
但無論話題是太空旅行還是當(dāng)代美國文學(xué)的趨勢，論證類的研究論文都應(yīng)該積極地——我又說到了，
actively – with the statements it cites.
積極地——處理文章引用的觀點(diǎn)。
It makes these statements work together in an argument that you create, that is, to an argument leading to a conclusion of your own.
這些觀點(diǎn)一起為你的論點(diǎn)服務(wù)，也就是說，通過這個(gè)論點(diǎn)得出了你自己的結(jié)論。
In the next part of the lecture, I'd like to talk about one of the basic steps in writing I mentioned earlier in the lecture.
在接下來的課程中，我想談?wù)勎抑霸谘葜v中提到的寫作的基本步驟之一。
That is how to choose a topic. Choosing a topic for a research paper is in some ways like choosing a topic for an ordinary essay, but there are some differences.
那就是如何選擇主題。選擇一篇研究論文的主題，在某種程度上就像是為一篇普通的文章選一個(gè)話題，但也有一些不同之處。
As you think about your topic, ask yourself these questions:
當(dāng)思考選題時(shí)，問問自己這些問題：
Question number one: Do you really want to know more about this topic?
第一個(gè)問題：你真的想更深入了解這個(gè)主題嗎？
This is the initial question you have to ask yourself, because research on any subject will keep you busy for weeks.
這是你首先要問自己的問題，因?yàn)樗兄黝}的研究都會(huì)讓你忙上好幾個(gè)星期。
You certainly do not wish to waste your time on something you have little interest in.
你當(dāng)然不希望把時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在你沒有興趣的事情上。
You do it well only if you expect to learn something interesting or important in the process.
只有當(dāng)你想在這個(gè)過程中學(xué)習(xí)一些有趣或重要的東西時(shí)，你才會(huì)做得很好。
