評論
打印
Now, let's move on to the second approach to meaning—that is, meaning is created by and contained in the text itself.
現在，讓我們轉向第二種方法——即，意思是由文本本身產生并包含在文本中。
Does the meaning exist in the text?
文本中是否存在意義？
Some scholars argue that the formal properties of the text like grammar, diction, uses of image and so on and so forth, contain and produce the meaning,
一些學者認為，文本的形式屬性，如語法、措辭、形象的使用等，包含并產生了意義，
so that any educated or competent reader will inevitably come to more or less the same interpretation as any other.
使任何受過教育的或有能力的讀者都不可避免地，或多或少地得到與其他讀者相同的解讀。
As far as I am concerned, the meaning is not only to be found in the literary traditions and grammatical conventions of meaning
在我看來，意義不僅存在于文學傳統和意義的語法規范中，
but also in the cultural codes which have been handed down from generation to generation.
也存在于代代相傳的文化規范中。
So when we and other readers, including the author as well, are said to come up with similar interpretations,
因此，當我們和其他讀者，包括作者，被認為有類似的解讀，
that kind of agreement could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage, practice and interpretation.
這種相似可以由共同的傳統和使用規范、慣例和解釋導致。
In other words, we have some kind of shared bases for the same interpretation, but that does not mean that readers agree on the meaning all the time.
換句話說，我們有某種共同的基礎以得出相同的解讀，但這并不意味著讀者永遠會在意義方面達成一致。
In different time periods, with different cultural perspectives, including class, belief and world view,
在不同的時期，不同的文化視角，包括階級，信仰和世界觀，
readers, I mean competent readers, can arrive at different interpretations of texts: So meaning in the text is determined by how readers see it.
讀者，我的意思是，有能力的讀者，會對文本有不同的解讀：所以文本中的意義取決于讀者如何看待它。
It is not contained in the text in a fixed way.
它不是以固定的方式包含在文本中。
Now, the third approach to meaning—that is, meaning is created by the reader.
第三種弄清意思的方法是，意思是由讀者創造的。
Does the meaning then exist in the reader's response? In a sense, this is inescapable.
在讀者的反應中是否存在意義？從某種意義上說，這是不可避免的。
Meaning exists only in so far as it means to someone, and literary works are written in order to evoke sets of responses in the reader.
只有作品對某人有意義的時候，意義才會存在，而文學作品是為了喚起讀者的反應。
This leads us to consider three essential issues.
這讓我們考慮三個基本問題。
The first is—meaning is social— that is, language and conventions work only at shared meaning and our way of viewing the world can exist only as shared or sharable.
第一個，意義是社會的，即語言和慣例只在共同的意義上起作用，而我們看待世界的方式只能是共有的。
Similarly, when we read a text, we are participating in social or cultural meaning.
同樣地，當我們閱讀文本時，我們也在參與社會或文化的意義。
So a response to a piece of literary work is not merely an individual thing but is part of culture and history.
因此對一篇文學作品的反應不僅僅是一件個人的事，也是文化和歷史的一部分。
