評論
打印
Second, meaning is contextual. If you change the context, you often change the meaning.
第二，意義跟語境有關。語境不同，意思也不同。
And last, meaning requires reader competency.
最后，意義需要讀者的理解力。
Texts constructed as literature have their own ways of expressions or sometimes we say styles.
成為文學作品的文本，有自己的表達方式，有時我們說這是風格。
And the more we know of them, the more we can understand the text.
我們對這些了解得越多，就越能理解文本。
Consequently, there is in regard to the question of meaning, the matter of reader competency as it is called the experience and knowledge of comprehending literary texts.
這樣，在意義這方面，就出現了讀者的理解力這個問題，也可以叫做理解文學文本的經驗或知識。
Your professors might insist that you practice and improve competency in reading and they might also insist that you interpret meaning in the context of the whole work.
教授可能會主張閱讀時練習和提高理解力，他們也可能主張整個作品的語境下解釋意義。
But you may have to learn other competencies too.
但你可能也需要學習其他能力。
For instance, in reading Mulk Raj Anand's The Untouchables you might have to learn what the social structure of India was like at that time,
例如，在閱讀穆爾克·拉吉·安納德（Mulk Raj Anand）的《不可接觸的賤民》時你可能需要了解當時印度的社會結構是什么樣子的，
what traditions of writing were in practice in India in the early 1930s,
20世紀30年代早期印度的寫作傳統是什么，
what political, cultural and personal influences Mulk Raj Anand came under when constructing the imaginative world of the short novel.
在構建短篇小說的想象世界時，穆爾克·拉吉·安納德受到什么樣的政治，文化和個人影響。
Ok, you may see that this idea that meaning requires competency in reading in fact brings us back to the historically situated understandings of an author and his works
好，你可能會發現，意義需要有閱讀能力這個想法，實際上讓我們回想起，在歷史背景中理解作者和他的作品，
as we mentioned earlier in this lecture, to different conventions and ways of reading and writing
像前邊講的，回想起不同的讀寫傳統和方式，
and to the point that meaning requires a negotiation between cultural meanings across time, culture, class, etc.
回想起那個觀點，即：意義需要文化意義跨越時間、文化、階級等達成一致。
As readers, you have in fact acquired a good deal of competency already but you should acquire more.
作為讀者，你事實上已經掌握了足夠的能力，但是你應該掌握更多能力。
The essential point of this lecture is that meaning in literature is a phenomenon that is not easily located,
這一節課的重點在于，文學中的意義是一種不容易定位的現象，
that meaning is historical, social and derived from the traditions of reading and thinking and understanding of the world that you are educated about.
它的意義是歷史的、社會的，來源于你閱讀、思考和理解所了解的世界的方式。
Thank you for your attention!
謝謝大家!
