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Paralinguistic features of languages
語言的副語言特征
Good morning, everyone. Today we'll continue our discussion on describing language.
大家早上好。今天我們繼續(xù)討論語言的描述。
Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc.
上周，我們研究了語言的語法、詞匯、聲音等特征。
In this lecture, we'll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder what is this important aspect of language.
在這節(jié)課中，我們將學習語言的另一個重要方面。也許你們可能想知道，語言的這一重要方面是什么。
Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called "paralinguistic features of language".
讓我來告訴你。它指的是在沒有語法和詞匯的情況下進行的交流的特點。它們被稱為“語言的副語言特征”。
These features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body.
這些特征分為兩大類：與聲音有關(guān)的和與身體有關(guān)的。
Now, the first category, is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice.
第一類，就是我們所說的聲音的副語言特征。這種特征實際上是聲音的音調(diào)。
While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way.
雖然它們可能并不像語法或詞匯一樣在交流中具有重要意義，但它們可能在某種程度上傳達了態(tài)度或意圖。
Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the needs for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion.
讓我給你們舉幾個例子。第一個是低語，這表明需要保密。第二個是呼吸聲。這表達了一種深沉的情感。
The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety.
第三個是粗嘎聲，這表明不重要。第四是鼻聲。這是表示焦慮。
The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies, for example.
最后一個是特意的唇圓口型，這表示更親密，特別是對嬰兒。
So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.
所以我們可以看到有很多方法可以改變我們的語調(diào)。有意識地這樣做時，我們會在交流中創(chuàng)造不同的效果。
