評論
打印
Observing Behaviour
觀察行為
Good morning, everyone. Today we will look at how to observe behaviour in research. Perhaps you would say it is easy and there is nothing extraordinary. Yes, you may be right. All of us observe behaviour every day. For example, when traveling in another country, we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture. And failing to be observing while walking or driving can be life-threatening.
大家早上好。今天我們來看看如何觀察研究中的行為。也許你會說這很簡單，沒有什么特別的。是的，你可能是對的。我們每個人每天都在觀察行為。例如，在另一個國家旅行時，我們可以通過觀察人們在這種文化中的行為方式來避免尷尬。在走路或開車時不注意觀察會危及生命。
We learn by observing people's behaviour. Researchers too rely on their observations to learn about behaviour,but there are differences. For instance, when we observe casually, we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations, and, and when we rarely keep formal records of our observations. Instead, we rely on our memory of events. Observations in research on the other hand are made under precisely defined conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful record keeping.
我們通過觀察人們的行為來學習。研究人員也通過他們的觀察來了解行為，但也有不同之處。例如，當我們不經意地觀察時，我們可能沒有意識到偏見的因素，以及當我們很少保持對我們的觀察的正式記錄的時候。相反，我們依賴于對事件的記憶。而研究中的觀察是有精確定義的，即以系統和客觀的方式，認真地做記錄。
Then how are we going to conduct observations in our research studies, and what do we need to do in order to make a scientific and objective observation? Now, as you remember, the primary goal of observation is to describe behaviour, but it is in reality impossible to observe and describe all of a person's behaviour. So we have to rely on observing samples of people's behaviour. Doing so, we must decide whether the samples represent people's usual behaviour. Thus, we will first take a brief look at how researchers select samples of behaviour.
那么，我們該如何在研究中進行觀察，我們需要做些什么才能做出科學客觀的觀察呢？現在，正如你所記得的，觀察的主要目的是描述行為，但事實上，觀察和描述一個人的全部行為是不可能的。所以我們必須依靠觀察人們行為的樣本。這樣做，我們必須決定樣本是否代表人們的日常行為。因此，我們將首先簡要了解研究人員如何選擇行為樣本。
Before conducting an observational study, researchers must make a number of important decisions, that's about when and where observations will be made. As I've said before, the researcher cannot observe all behaviour. Only certain behaviours occurring at particular times, in specific settings can be observed. In other words, behaviour must be sampled. In this lecture, I will briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, that is, time sampling and situation sampling.
在進行觀察研究之前，研究人員必須做出一些重要的決定，就是關于何時何地進行觀察。如前所述，研究人員不能觀察所有的行為。只有特定時間，在特定的環境中發生的某些行為才能被觀察到。換句話說，必須對行為進行抽樣。在這一講中，我將簡單介紹兩種抽樣方法，即時間抽樣和情景抽樣。
