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Having discussed ways to sample behaviour in research, we are now moving onto another issue, that is, what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs,
在討論了研究中行為的采樣方法后，我們現在開始討論另一個問題，即研究人員在行為發生時應如何記錄行為，
that is whether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour.
即研究人員是主動還是被動地記錄行為。
This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as "observation with intervention" or "observation without intervention".
這是指觀察的方法。觀察方法可分為“干預觀察”或“不干預觀察”。
Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways, participant observation and field experiment.
干預觀察可以通過至少兩種方式進行，參與性觀察和現場實驗。
In participant observation, observers, that is researchers, play a dual role: They observe people's behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing.
在參與性觀察中，觀察者，即研究人員，扮演著雙重角色：他們觀察人們的行為，并積極參與到所觀察到的情境中去。
If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behaviour, this is undisguised participant observation.
如果被觀察到的個體知道觀察者在場是為了收集關于他們行為的信息，這是無偽裝的參與性觀察。
But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed.
但在偽裝的參與性觀察中，被觀察到的人并不知道有人觀察他們。
Another method of observation with intervention is field experiment. What is a field experiment?
另一種干預觀察是現場實驗。什么是現場實驗？
When an observer controls one or more conditions in a natural setting in order to determine the effect on behaviour, this procedure is called field experiment.
觀察者控制自然情境中的一個或多個條件，以確定對行為的影響，這個過程稱現場實驗。
The field experiment represents the most extreme form of intervention in observational methods.
現場實驗的干涉形式是所有觀測方法中最極端的。
The essential difference between field experiments and other observational methods is that researchers have more control in field experiments.
現場實驗和其他觀察方法的本質區別在于，現場實驗中研究人員有較大的控制權。
Now let's take a look at observation without intervention.
現在我們看一看不干預觀察。
Observation without intervention is also called naturalistic observation because its main purpose is to describe behaviour as it normally occurs,
不干預觀察也被稱為自然觀察，因為它的主要目的是描述正常情況下的行為，
that is, in a natural setting, without any attempt by the observer to intervene.
也就是說，在自然情境中，觀察者沒有干預的行為。
An observer using this method of observation acts as a passive recorder of what occurs. The events occur naturally and are not controlled by the observer.
使用這種觀察法的觀察者被動地記錄發生的事情。事件自然發生，不受觀察者控制。
OK, in today's lecture, we have focused on how to make decisions of sampling before beginning our observation, and what we can do during observation.
好的，今天我們集中討論了在開始觀察之前如何做采樣方法的選擇，以及在觀察過程中我們能做什么。
I hope what we've discussed will help you in your future research design.
我希望我們討論的內容能對你們今后的研究設計有幫助。
