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In a survey last year 29% of Americans supported the idea that the government
在去年的一次調(diào)查中，29%的美國人支持政府
should make cash payments to black Americans who were descendants of slaves—twice the share that agreed in the early 2000s.
應(yīng)該向身為奴隸后裔的美國黑人支付現(xiàn)金——這一比例是本世紀初的兩倍。
As protests have rocked America in recent weeks, the idea of reparations to atone for the atrocity of slavery,
近幾周的抗議活動撼動了美國，用賠款抵償奴隸制的暴行
as well as to reduce the persistent gaps in income and wealth between people of different skin colours, has gained further prominence.
并減少不同膚色人群之間持續(xù)存在的收入和財富差距的這種想法更加顯著。
Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic nominee for president, has said he wants to explore it.
有望成為民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人的喬·拜登曾表示，他希望探索這一問題。
On June 11th California's state lawmakers passed a bill that establishes a task-force to study and propose recommendations for reparations.
6月11日，加利福尼亞州的立法者通過了一項法案，建立一支特別小組，對賠償進行研究，并提出建議。
The chances of the federal government implementing such a policy seem remote. But how would such a scheme work?
聯(lián)邦政府執(zhí)行這項政策的機會似乎渺茫。但這樣的計劃如何運作呢？
As "From Here to Equality", a new book written by William Darity, a scholar on reparations at Duke University, and A. Kirsten Mullen,
杜克大學(xué)研究賠款的學(xué)者William Darity以及A. Kirsten Mullen寫的一本新書《From Here to Equality》表明
shows, the practicalities tend to take a back seat to philosophical arguments over whether reparations are needed in the first place.
針對是否需要賠償?shù)膯栴}，實踐性往往讓位于哲學(xué)論證。
Genealogists would face the tricky task of determining who would be eligible for them.
系譜專家將面臨一項棘手的任務(wù)，即決定誰有資格獲得賠款。
Economists, meanwhile, would have to consider two questions: how much to pay, and how best to spend the money?
與此同時，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家將不得不考慮兩個問題：支付多少錢，以及如何最好地使用這筆錢？
History offers a guide to the first question. Past claims for reparations have relied on the notion that
對于第一個問題，歷史提供了指導(dǎo)。過去的索賠依賴這樣一種觀念：
people were wrongly deprived of income or property, or were unfairly forced to incur costs.
人們被不當(dāng)?shù)貏儕Z了收入或財產(chǎn)，或者被迫承擔(dān)損失。
For instance, Israel calculated its claims for reparations from Germany after the second world war in part
例如，二戰(zhàn)后，以色列通過預(yù)估重新安置納粹受害者所需的開支
by estimating the expenditure it incurred in order to resettle Jewish victims of Nazi persecution.
來計算其向德國提出的賠償要求。
An official report into America's forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese-Americans during the war
一份關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭期間，美國強迫日裔美國人遷居和監(jiān)禁的官方報告得出結(jié)論稱，
reached the conclusion that they had been unfairly deprived of income and property worth $3bn (in today's prices).
他們被不公平地剝奪了價值30億美元（以今天的價格計算）的收入和財產(chǎn)。
In 1988 the American government issued a formal apology and eventually compensated 80,000 victims.
1988年，美國政府正式道歉，并最終向8萬名受害者進行賠償。
Many scholars have tried to work out what would count as sufficient compensation for the descendants of slaves, but there is little agreement between them.
很多學(xué)者曾試圖為奴隸后代計算出充足的賠款，但他們幾乎沒有達成一致。
One approach is to focus on compensation promised by the Union Army to freed slaves in 1865—the value of 40 acres of land and a mule—which was never realised.
一種方法是專注聯(lián)邦軍在1865年解放奴隸時所承諾的賠償——40英畝土地和一頭騾子的價值——但這從未兌現(xiàn)。
The amount of cropland required to meet that commitment today has a value of about $160bn (0.7% of American GDP in 2019).
如今，實現(xiàn)這一承諾所需的耕地價值約為1600億美元（占2019年美國GDP的0.7%）。
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