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America has had some wins at the WTO: against the European Union for subsidies to Airbus, an aircraft-maker;
美國已經(jīng)在WTO取得了一些勝利：反對歐盟對飛機(jī)制造商空客的補(bǔ)貼；
and against China for its domestic subsidies; theft of intellectual property; controls on the export of rare earths,
以及反對中國的國內(nèi)補(bǔ)貼；盜竊知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)；對稀土出口的控制
which are used to make mobile phones; and even its tariffs on American chicken feet.
（用于移動(dòng)手機(jī)制造）；甚至是對美國雞爪征收關(guān)稅。
But it has also been dragged before the appellate body repeatedly,
但它也多次被上訴機(jī)構(gòu)提起訴訟，
in particular by countries objecting to its heavy-handed use of "trade remedies": tariffs supposed to defend its producers from unfair imports.
尤其是那些反對它濫用“貿(mào)易救濟(jì)”的國家：關(guān)稅本應(yīng)保護(hù)其生產(chǎn)者免受不公平進(jìn)口的傷害。
Time after time, it has lost. In such cases, it has generally sought to become compliant with the rules rather than buy the complainant off.
它一次又一次的失敗了。在這種情況下，它通常會(huì)尋求遵守規(guī)則，而不是收買投訴人。
Though previous administrations had grumbled, and occasionally intervened in judges' appointments, the Trump administration went further.
盡管前幾屆政府怨聲載道，并偶爾干涉法官的任命，但特朗普政府則更甚。
Its officials complained that disputes often dragged on much longer than the supposed maximum of 90 days,
其官員抱怨稱，爭端經(jīng)常拖得比預(yù)期最長的90天還要長，
and—more seriously—that the appellate body made rulings that went beyond what WTO members had signed up to.
更嚴(yán)重的是，上訴機(jī)構(gòu)做出的裁決超出了WTO成員簽署的范圍。
They made it clear that unless such concerns were dealt with, no new judges would be confirmed.
他們明確表示，除非解決這些問題，否則不會(huì)確認(rèn)新法官。
Judicial overreach is in the eye of the beholder. Losers will always feel hard done by,
每個(gè)人對司法越權(quán)的定義都不一樣。敗訴方總覺得受到了不公正的對待，
and America has been quick to celebrate the WTO's rulings when it wins.
并且當(dāng)美國獲勝時(shí)，它很快就開始慶祝WTO的裁決。
But plenty of others think that the appellate body had overstepped its remit.
但是很多人認(rèn)為上訴機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)超出了它的職權(quán)范圍。
A recent survey of individuals engaged with the WTO, including national representatives, found that 58% agreed with that verdict.
近期對包括國家代表在內(nèi)的WTO工作人員的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，58%的人同意它的裁決。
Getting so many countries to sign up to the WTO was a remarkable achievement.
讓這么多國家加入WTO是一個(gè)了不起的成就。
One way negotiators managed this was by leaving the rules vague, and papering over their differences with ambiguous language.
談判者解決這個(gè)問題的方法之一是模糊規(guī)則，并用模棱兩可的語言掩蓋他們之間的分歧。
Take "zeroing", for example: using dubious mathematics to calculate defensive tariffs on unfairly traded imports.
例如“歸零”：使用可疑的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算不公平貿(mào)易進(jìn)口的防御關(guān)稅。
The Americans claim that the rules do not say they cannot do it. But others counter that the rules do not say they can.
美國人聲稱，規(guī)則并沒有規(guī)定他們不能這么做。但另一些人反駁說，規(guī)則也并沒有說他們可以這么做。
It is such long-running differences that have set the scene for the latest showdown.
正是這種長期存在的分歧為最近的對決埋下了伏筆。
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