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It was as a politician that John was most obviously a wretched failure.
作為政治家來說 再也沒有 比約翰更加一敗涂地的了
Under his father, the empire had been sustained by a shrewd combination of charisma and feudal loyalty.
其父在位時 這個國家維系于 君主的號召力和對封建制度的忠誠 兩者間的巧妙結合
John's problem was his difficulty in believing that anyone would ever be more than a fair-weather friend.
約翰的問題在于不信任別人 總是認為別人不過是酒肉之交
So he relied on blackmail and extortion,threats to the barons rather than promises.
對待貴族 他只崇尚敲詐勒索和脅迫 寧我負天下人 莫讓天下人負我
Assuming disloyalty, he ended up guaranteeing it.
結果卻事與愿違
So when John needed the barons most,when Normandy was threatened by the French king,they weren't there for him.
當諾曼底受到法王威脅 約翰最需要他們的緊要關頭 貴族們卻沒有伸出援手
The result was a catastrophic defeat.
最終導致了災難性的失敗
The loss of Normandy ripped the heart out of Angevin power.
痛失諾曼底令安茹王朝元氣大傷
Whether or not there was a secret meeting at Bury st Edmunds,
無論英格蘭的所有大貴族是否在
with all the major nobles in England sworn to force John to accept reform,it's certainly true that from defeat sprang rebellion.
柏立艾蒙秘密會談 立誓要逼迫約翰接受改革 可以肯定的是 失敗催生了叛變
At some point, the barons drafted a document that went well beyond forcing John to stop being vindictive,
在這個時候 貴族們起草了一份文件 不僅禁止國王實施報復
proposing, instead, a catalogue of things the king would not be allowed to do.It was called Magna Carta.
同時還列出了一連串 國王不得越過的雷池 這就是《大憲章》
