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化學(xué)武器的危害性有多大
Evidence has emerged that the Islamic State has been using weaponized mustard gas in Syria and Iraq. Chemical weapons warfare has long been outlawed, and yet they’ve been used
on numerous occasions throughout the 20th century. So, just how dangerous are chemical weapons?
有證據(jù)表明，伊斯蘭國在敘利亞和伊拉克使用了芥子氣武器。化學(xué)武器戰(zhàn)很久以前已經(jīng)被宣布為非法，然而20世紀(jì)諸多場合仍然有化學(xué)武器使用。那么，化學(xué)武器有多么危險呢？
Well, chemical weapons are considered “Weapons of Mass Destruction,” alongside nuclear and biological weaponry. There have been numerous international bans on their use, stemming from 1899, when the Hague Convention prohibited using “poisonous arms” or “asphyxiating gases.” In 1925 the Geneva Protocol further enacted a ban on both chemical and biological agents, saying that they are “justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world".
化學(xué)武器與核武器和生化武器一起被認(rèn)為是“大規(guī)模殺傷性武器”。1899年，海牙會議禁止使用“有毒武器”或“窒息性氣體”，從那以后，國際社會對這些武器的使用頒布了多條禁令。1925年，日內(nèi)瓦議定書進(jìn)一步對化學(xué)武器和生化武器頒布了禁令，稱這些武器受到文明世界的一致譴責(zé)。
The most comprehensive international ban was the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, which also prohibited production or stockpiling.
最全面的國際禁令是1993年的《化學(xué)武器公約》，同時禁止生產(chǎn)或存儲化學(xué)武器。
But despite these restrictions, the first modern use of chemical weapons was during World War I. Lethal gases like phosgene caused severe irritation in the lungs, eyes, and
throat. Victims would often have difficulty breathing as their lungs would slowly fill with fluid, killing them as long as 48 hours after exposure. In particular, chlorine would
react with water in the lungs, creating hydrochloric acid, and causing severe pain and death. Non-lethal but still illegal chemicals were used as well, including tear and mustard gas. These would cause blistering of the skin and internal chemical burns. Throughout World War One,chemical weapons caused over 100,000 deaths,and affected more than a million people.
但是盡管這些禁令出爐，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間仍然出現(xiàn)了首次現(xiàn)代化的化學(xué)武器應(yīng)用。光氣這樣的致命氣體會導(dǎo)致肺部，眼睛和喉嚨嚴(yán)重刺激。吸入者會出現(xiàn)呼吸困難，因為他們的肺部會緩慢地充滿液體，暴露在這種氣體中48小時后就會死亡。尤其是，氯會和肺部的氣體發(fā)生反應(yīng)，生成鹽酸，造成嚴(yán)重的疼痛甚至死亡。非致命但是非法的化學(xué)武器也有使用，包括催淚瓦斯和芥子氣。這些氣體會造成皮膚起泡和內(nèi)臟燒傷。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，化學(xué)武器造成超過10萬例死亡，影響了超過100萬人。
During the Second World War, chemicals were only used by Japan the Japanese against other Asian countries. While the Nazis possessed gas weapons, but were afraid of a severe response if deployed. The Allies also refused to use deadly gas, although at one point Winston Churchill did propose dropping poison gas and anthrax over Germany.
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，只有日本針對其他亞洲國家使用了化學(xué)武器。盡管納粹擁有化學(xué)武器，但是擔(dān)心如果使用的話會引起強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng)。盟軍也反對使用致命氣體，而丘吉爾曾經(jīng)建議在德國釋放毒氣和炭疽病毒。
After the war, the Allies discovered Germany’s stockpile of nerve agents. These are chemicals which work by disrupting the nervous system,and lead to a loss of body control. They eventually cause death by suffocation. Increased research into chemical weapons led to both the US and the USSR developing and creating tens of thousands of tons to stockpile throughout the Cold War.
戰(zhàn)后，盟軍發(fā)現(xiàn)德國儲備了神經(jīng)毒劑。這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)破壞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致身體失去控制。最終導(dǎo)致窒息死亡。對化學(xué)武器進(jìn)行的進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國和蘇聯(lián)冷戰(zhàn)期間都都研發(fā)和制造了數(shù)萬噸化學(xué)武器。
But the most infamous use of chemical weapons was during the Iran-Iraq War. In the 1980s,Iraq received money and supplies from the United States and Germany to develop chemical weapons. But in 1988, both mustard gas and nerve agents were used against a Kurdish civilian village, leading to as many as 5,000 deaths and 10,000 injuries. The attack has since been called an act of genocide, and was the single largest chemical attack against civilians ever.
但是使用化學(xué)武器最臭名昭著的例子是伊朗和伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭期間。80年代，伊拉克從美國和德國收到了資金和補(bǔ)給，用來開發(fā)化學(xué)武器。但是1988年，他們對一個庫爾德平民村莊使用了芥子氣和神經(jīng)毒劑，導(dǎo)致多達(dá)5000人死亡和1萬人受傷。那次襲擊被稱為種族大屠殺，也是有史以來對平民發(fā)起的最大規(guī)模的單次化學(xué)武器襲擊。
In the years since, the only use of chemical weapons has been by terrorist groups. Luckily,the most recent ban has led to a 90% decline in the world’s stockpile. Still, chemical weapons are especially dangerous due to their indiscriminate, long lasting, and painful effects. In the wrong hands, they are considerably more terrifying than most conventional weapons.
后來，只有恐怖組織使用化學(xué)武器。幸運的是，最新的禁令使得全世界化學(xué)武器儲備減少了90%。然而，由于其無差別攻擊性，持續(xù)性和嚴(yán)重影響，化學(xué)武器仍然非常危險。在非法之徒手中，化學(xué)武器比大部分常規(guī)武器更加恐怖。
But who is to blame for chemical weapons use in Syria and Iraq? Is it the U.S.? Find out more in the Seeker Daily episode up top.
但是敘利亞和伊拉克的化學(xué)武器攻擊應(yīng)該怪誰呢？是不是應(yīng)該怪美國？登錄我們的網(wǎng)站了解更多內(nèi)容。
