評論
打印
Hungary's past
匈牙利的過去
His contentious legacy
有爭議的“遺產”
A wartime leader still divides Hungarians
匈牙利戰時領袖依舊掀起大爭議
ADMIRAL MIKLOS HORTHY, Hungary's controversial wartime leader and an ally of Hitler, is enjoying something of a revival of late. The latest addition to the dozen or so commemorative plaques, statues and street renamings was unveiled on November 3rd at a Calvinist church in a central square in Budapest.
Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya是匈牙利的戰時領袖，希特勒的盟友，曾飽受社會爭議，如今再次被推上輿論的風口浪尖。近期于11月3日，位于匈牙利首都布達佩斯市中心廣場的一家加爾文主義教堂，宣布新增12處或更多的紀念牌匾、雕像及街道更名。
Hundreds of protesters, many wearing yellow stars, exchanged insults with those attending the presentation of a new statue supported by the far-right Jobbik party. Under its minister, Lorant Hegedus junior, the church has long been a place of pilgrimage for the far right. The Horthy statue has caused consternation and anger in the church. Istvan Szabo, the local bishop, called for an urgent inquiry. Reform church ministers should refrain from divisive and shocking behaviour, he said.
數百人身著黃星，出席抗議，與在會的其他人互訴參加此次由極右政黨Jobbik 發起的新雕塑揭幕儀式是多么大的恥辱。因為現任牧師Lorant Hegedus junior，教堂早已儼然成為極右派的圣地。看到雕塑是Horthy的那一剎那，眾人著實大吃一驚，繼而悲憤不已。當地教主Istvan Szabo對此立馬提出疑問，要求得到解釋。他提出，改革派教堂的牧師應該避免出現內部分裂驚乍行為。
Antal Rogan, the local mayor and parliamentary leader of the ruling centre-right Fidesz party, condemned the statue as “provocation”. But so far the government has hedged its bets. Janos Lazar, the head of the prime minister's office, said that Horthy's rule should be assessed by historians not politicians. The government uses double talk about Horthy, says Krisztian Ungvary, a historian. “They have to win Jobbik voters so they will never openly and consistently condemn the Horthy era, as it would upset their supporters.”
Antal Rogan是布達佩斯市市長，兼任極右派Fidesz 黨的議會負責人，他譴責塑立Horthy的雕像完全是一種挑釁。不過，政府采納明哲保身的態度，至今還尚未作出明確表態。內閣首相Janos Lazar表示，論Horthy統治的功與過應該是歷史學家的事兒，政治家無需干涉。歷史學家Krisztian Ungvary對此回應，政府在Horthy一事上陳述含糊，模棱兩可。“因為要贏取Jobbik黨的選票，他們必定不能公開一味地譴責Horthy的統治時期，否則會惹怒這群支持者。
Nonsense, say officials. A Fidesz government established the Budapest Holocaust Memorial Centre in 2002. The government has set up a commission to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the mass deportations to Auschwitz. Speaking at a conference on anti-Semitism recently, Tibor Navracsics, the deputy prime minister, said in an unprecedented admission of wartime guilt that the Hungarian state had turned on its own citizens. “The perpetrators were Hungarians, it was Hungarians who fired the shots and it was Hungarians who died,” he said.
一派胡言，官方如此說道。Fidesz政府于2002年建立。同時，設立一委員會主持策劃布達佩斯的大屠殺紀念中心70周年活動。匈牙利副總理Tibor Navracsics最近在一次有關猶太歧視問題的會議上，破天荒地承認了國家過去發起戰爭的罪行，表達了懺悔之心，并表示已在民眾施以同樣的情感教育。他這樣說道，“罪在匈牙利，匈牙利始作俑者，開槍，最后至死的也是匈牙利自己。”
Admiral Horthy still arouses furious passions. He declared war on the Allies in 1941. Hungary's war on the eastern front saw 200,000 soldiers killed or captured. Jewish servicemen and political prisoners were forced to march through minefields to clear them. Horthy passed four anti-Jewish laws, the earliest, in 1920, limiting the number of Jewish students at universities, the last, in 1941, outlawing sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews. After the Nazis invaded Hungary in March 1944, Horthy allowed 437,000 Hungarian Jews to be deported to Auschwitz in less than two months. Most were killed on arrival.
提及Admiral Horthy，民眾仍舊義憤填膺。1941年，他對盟友宣戰。在這場東進戰爭中，高達20萬士兵或是犧牲，或是被捕。而后，迫使猶太士兵或政治俘虜跨越礦區為那些匈牙利士兵收尸。Admiral Horthy共頒布4部反猶太法，最早的是在1920年，限制猶太族上大學人數，最后一部是在1941年，禁止猶太人與其他種族通婚。當1944年3月，納粹攻陷匈牙利時，Admiral Horthy同意把43。7萬猶太人逐往，歷時不到兩個月。大多數猶太人一到目的地就被殘殺了。
Horthy did his best, say his defenders, not all of whom are found in Jobbik. Until the Nazis invaded, Hungary remained a comparatively safe haven for its Jews. Horthy's repeated refusal of Hitler's demands to deport all of the Jews was one reason why the Germans invaded. His envoys were in secret contact with the Allies and he wanted to change sides, which is why he was deposed in October 1944 by Hungarian Nazis and their German allies, triggering a new round of terror against Budapest's surviving Jews.
Horthy的支持者不僅僅只限于，他們一致辯道，Horthy在猶太問題上已經盡力了。納粹入侵前，對猶太人而言，匈牙利相對還是安全的。而Horthy多次拒絕希特勒下令驅逐猶太人，正是德國后來侵犯匈牙利的一大原因。Horthy秘密派遣使節與同盟交流，企求改變對方的立場。這正是為什么Horthy自己在1944年10月遭到匈牙利納粹與其德國盟友的雙面排斥，再次引發布達佩斯幸存猶太人的恐慌。
Meanwhile, says Fidesz, the left and far right work together when it suits them. Socialist leaders recently submitted a petition in parliament calling for an investigation into government interventions in the energy industry. The petition, now withdrawn, was also signed by 24 Jobbik MPs—including, as it happens, the wife of Mr Hegedus.
同時，Fidesz表示時機恰當，左右黨派可以開展合作。前不久，社會黨派領導人向議會上呈一項請愿書，要求調查政府對能源產業的干涉情況。該請愿書現已被駁回，但已有24位極右派議會成員的簽名，甚至還包括Hegedus的夫人。譯者：徐珍 校對：沈曉旭
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