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Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.
獨白:聽下面一段環境科學課上的講座。
Professor:When land gets develop for human use, the landscape changes.
教授:當土地發展到適應人類使用，景色也就發生了變化。
We don't see as many types of vegetation, trees, grasses and so forth.
我們不再能看到那么多的植被，樹木，草地等等。
This in turn leads to other losses:the loss of animal that once lived there.
這接著就導致了其他損失:曾經在那里居住的動物。
Err…but these are the obvious changes, but there are also less obvious changes like the climate.
但這些都是顯著的變化。還有一些比如氣候變化等并不那么顯眼。
One interesting case of this…of…of changes in the local land use causing changes in climate, specifically the temperature is in Florida.
一個關于當地土地變化導致氣候變化，特別是溫度變化，的有趣例子是在佛羅里達州。
Now what comes to mind when you think of the state of Florida?
現在，當提到佛羅里達州的時候，首先你想到了什么？
Student A:Sunshine, beaches.
學生 1:陽光，沙灘。
Student B:Warm weather, oranges…
學生 2:暖和的氣候，橙子…
Professor:Yes, exactly.
教授:正是如此。
Florida has long had a great citric industry; large growth of oranges, lemons and the like.
佛羅里達一直以來有很好的柑橘屬水果產業，大量種植橙子、檸檬和類似水果。
Florida's winter is very mild; the temperature doesn't often get below freezing. But there are some areas in Florida that do freeze.
佛羅里達的冬天非常溫和，氣溫很少會降至零度以下。
So in the early 1900s, farmers moved even further south in Florida, to areas that were even less likely to freeze.
但佛州的一些地方會達到結冰點。在二十世紀早期，農民們搬到了佛州南部，那里很少會結冰。
Obviously, freezing temperatures are danger to the crops.
很明顯，零度以下的氣溫對糧食比較危險，
A bad barrier of cold weather, a long spell of frosts could ruin a farm and the entire crop, anyway, before these citric growers moved south, much of the land in south Florida, was what we called wetlands.
寒冷氣候和凍霜可能毀掉一個農場的所有莊稼。不論怎樣，在檸檬種植者來到之前，佛州南部的大部分地區都是濕地。
Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for large part of the year.
濕地指的是富有沼澤的濕軟土地，一年四季水覆蓋著土壤，或者在接近土壤表層的地方。
Wetlands have their own unique ecosystem, with plants and animals with special an interesting adaptation.
濕地有它獨特的生態系統，有適應在這里居住的有趣的植物和動物，
Very exciting, but it's not what we are talking about today. Emm…where was I?
非常令人興奮，但已經不是我們今天所談論的樣子了。嗯…我說到哪了？
Student A:Farmers moved south?
學生 1:農民遷移到南部？
Professor:Oh, yes. Farmers moved south. But the land was not suitable for farming.
教授:噢，對。農民南下。但那里的土地不適合耕種。
You can't grow orange in wetland, so farmers had to transform the wetlands into lands suitable for farming.
不能在濕地上種植柑橘，所以農民們要把濕地轉換成一種可以耕種的土地。
To do that, you have to drain the water from the land, move the water elsewhere, and divert to the water sources such as rivers.
為了達成這個目的，我們得把水從土地中引出來，把它移到別的地方，使它轉而流向其他水源，比如河流。
Hundreds of miles of drainage canals were built in the wetlands.
上百英里的水渠在濕地上挖好了。
Now these areas, the new areas the farmers moved to, used to be warm and unlikely to freeze, however, recently the area has become susceptible to freezes. And we are trying to understand why.
現在，那些農民們安頓下來的溫和不結冰的地區卻在最近開始變得有可能冰凍了。我們在試圖尋找原因。
Student B:Is it some global temperature change or weather pattern like El Nio or something?
學生 2:是因為一些全球氣溫或者氣候類型改變嗎？比如厄爾尼諾現象？
Professor:Well, there are two theories.
教授:有兩個理論。
One idea is as you suggested that major weather patterns, something like El Nio, are responsible.
一個想法是，你所說的一些主要氣候現象是主要原因，比如厄爾尼諾。
But the other idea and this is the one that I personally subscribe to, is of the changes in the temperature pattern had been brought about by the loss of wetlands.
但另一個想法，也是我個人比較傾向于的想法，是由濕地的減少而產生的氣溫變化。
Student B:Well, how would the loss of wetlands make a difference?
學生 2:濕地的減少會如何改變氣溫呢？
Professor:Well, think about what we've been studying so far.
教授:想想我們之前講過的東西。
We discussed the impact of landscapes on temperature, right?
我們討論過地標對于氣溫的影響，對吧？
What affects does the body of water have on an area?
水體會影響這個地區的什么？
Student A:Oh, yeah. Bodies of water tend to absorb the heat during the day, and then they release the heat at night.
學生 1:哦，對，水會在白天吸收熱量，在晚上再釋放出來。
Professor:Yes, exactly. What you just said is what I want you all to understand.
教授:對，就是這樣。你剛才說的就是我希望你們都能理解的道理。
Bodies of water release heat and moisture back into the environment. So places near large bodies of water are generally milder, err...slightly warmer than those without water.
水釋放熱量和濕氣，使它們回到環境中。所以接近水體的區域，總體來說比沒有水的地方氣候更溫和。
And what I, another think is that the loss of the wetlands has created the situation where the local temperatures in the area are not slightly different, slightly colder than they were 100 years ago, before the wetland were drained.
有人認為，濕地的減少使得當地的溫度比 100 年前濕地還沒有被抽干的時候的低了。
Student B:Emma…do we know what the temperature was like back then?
學生 2:嗯，我們知道之前的溫度是多少嗎？
Professor:Well, we were able to estimate this.
教授:嗯，我們可以進行估算。
We have data about South Florida's current landscape, emm…the plant cover.
我們有關于佛州南部的地標…嗯，覆蓋的植被的數據。
And we were able to reconstruct data about the landscape prior to 1900.
我們可以重新模擬二十世紀前的地標數據。
Then we enter those data, information about what the landscape look like before and after the wetlands were drained.
然后我輸入這些數據，這些關于濕地失水前后的地標的信息，
We enter the data into a computer weather model.
輸入進一個電子氣候模型，
This model can predict temperatures.
這個模型可以預測氣溫。
And when all the data were entered, an overall cooling trend was predicted by the model.
當所有的數據被輸入進去，總體的降溫趨勢就被模型預測出來了。
Student B:How much colder does it get now?
學生 2:現在氣溫變冷了多少？
Professor:Well, actually the model shows a drop of only a few degrees Celsius.
教授:事實上，模型顯示僅僅低了攝氏幾度，
But this is enough to cause dramatic damage to crops.
但這足夠給農作物帶來巨大的損失。
If temperatures over night are already very close to the freezing point, then this drop of just a few degrees can take the temperature below freezing.
如果晚上的溫度本來就已經接近結冰點，那么下降幾度有可能使溫度到達冰點以下，
And freezing causes frosts, which kill crops.
凍冰導致霜凍，這會殺死農作物。
These damaging frosts wouldn't happen if the wetlands were still inexistence, just as the tiny temperature difference can have major consequences.
如果濕地仍然存在，這些破壞力大的霜凍就不會出現。僅僅是微小的氣溫差別就會導致嚴重的后果。
