評論
打印
Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an Architecture Class.
獨白:聽下面一段關于建筑學的講座。
Professor:Today, we are taking a little detour from the grand styles of public architecture we've been studying to look at residential architectures in the United States.
教授:今天，我們要從之前已經(jīng)探討的公共建筑總體風格上稍微背離一點，來看看美國的居民建筑。
Since this is something we can all identify with, I think it will help us see the relationship between the function of a structure and its style or form.
因為這是一個我們都熟悉的話題，我想這會幫助我們理解建筑的功能和風格形式之間的關系。
This has been an ongoing theme in our discussion, and we will be getting back to it just a moment.
這是我們一直進行討論的題目，稍后我們會回到這個話題。
But before we get started, I want you to take a moment to think:
但在開始之前，我希望你們可以進行思考:
does anyone know what the single most popular style for a house in the United States is today? Bob?
有人知道美國最流行的建筑風格是什么嗎？鮑勃怎么看？
Student 1:"I bet it is the ranch-style house."
學生 1:我猜是大農場住宅風格的房子。
Professor:"Well, in this area, probably. But aren't we typical? Yes, Sue."
教授:嗯，在這個區(qū)域，大概是。但是是典型的嗎？好，這位同學請講。
Student 2:"How about the kind of house my grandparents live in? They call it a Cape Cod.
學生 2:我祖父母住的房子怎么樣？他們叫它科徳角。
Professor:That's the one.
教授:就是它。
Here is a drawing of what we consider of a classic Cape Cod house.
這是我們認為典型科德角式住宅的圖片。
These days, you see this style all over the United States.
在今天，我們看到全美國都有這種住宅。
But it first showed up in U.S. northeast, in the New England region, around the late1600s.
但它最先在大約在十七世紀在新英格蘭地區(qū)美國東北部出現(xiàn)。
For those of you who don't know the northeast costal region, Cape Cod is a peninsula, a narrow strip of land that jets out into the Atlantic,
對于你們不了解東北沿海地區(qū)的人而言，科德角是一個半島，一個延伸到大西洋的窄條。
and so many houses in this particular style were built on Cape Cod, that the name of the place became the name of the style.
很多這種風格的房子被建在科德角，所以地名成為了建筑的名稱。
Now why did the Cape Cod style house become so popular in the northeast?
為什么科徳角式房屋在東北部這么受歡迎？
Well, one reason is that it's a great example of form following function.We've talked about this design principle a lot about form following function.
原因之一是我們曾經(jīng)多次談論過這種結構遵從功能的準則。
And what did we say it's meant?
當時我們說這是什么意思？
Someone give me an application of this principle.
有人能給我舉個例子說明，這個準則是如何生效的？
What did this concept that form should follow function?
結構遵從功能的概念究竟是什么？
How would it be applied to housing design?
在房屋設計中是如何運用的？
Student 2:Well, if it means the design of the building, it should be based on the needs of people who use it.
學生 2:嗯，如果是房屋設計，它應該是基于人們的需求。
Then, well, the architect has to be very practical to think about the people who actually be living in the house or working in the office building, whatever, so for the architect, it's all about users not about showing off how creative you can be.
那么，設計師就應該尤其考慮那些住在房子里，或在房子里工作的人，或隨便什么人，對于設計師來說，用戶是最重要的，而不是炫耀自己有多么有創(chuàng)造力。
Professor:Good, of course, for a Cape Cod house, it might be even more accurate to say that form also follows climate.
教授:很好，對于科徳角式住宅，更準確地說，還考慮到了氣候。
Who knows what the climate like on Cape Cod?
誰知道柯德角的氣候？
Student 1:Cold in the winter…
學生 1:冬天很冷...
Student 2:And whenever I visit my grandparents, it's really wet.
學生 2:而且每次我去探望祖父母，都很潮濕。
It's usually either raining or snowing or foggy and windy, too.
那里不是下雨就是下雪就是霧蒙蒙的，還有風。
I guess because it's so exposed to the ocean?
我猜有可能是科徳角太暴露在海洋的原因？
Professor:That's right.
教授:對的。
So take another look at this drawing, and you can image how this design might be particularly helpful in that kind of climate.
那再看一下這幅圖，你就可以想象這種設計如何在這種天氣中起作用。
Notice how the house is fairly low to the ground.
注意這座房屋有多接近地面。
This relatively low compact structure helps the house withstand the strong winds blowing off the ocean.
這種低矮結實的房屋結構有助于房屋承受海洋刮來的強風。
And look at the slope of the roof, the steep angle helps keep off all that rain and snow that accumulates in the winter.
再看看屋頂?shù)男倍龋盖偷慕嵌扔惺沟糜晁脱┎辉诜宽敹逊e。
Another thing, Cape Cod houses usually face south to take advantage of the sun's warm through the windows.
還有，科徳角式房屋通常面向南，借助太陽光透過窗子使屋子暖和。
That's helpful in winter.
這在冬天起了很大作用。
Now what can you tell me about the chimney, about its location.
現(xiàn)在，你能從煙囪的位置看出什么？
Student 2:Well, it's in the middle. Because, does that have something to do with heating the houses?
學生 2:嗯，它在中間。因為…這跟加熱房屋有關系嗎？
I mean since the heat never has to travel very far.
我的意思是，因為這樣熱氣就不用穿過太長的距離。
Student 1:That means you can heat the house more efficiently, right?
學生 1:那意味著更有效地給房屋供暖，對嗎？
Professor:Exactly, now see how the house has very little exterior decoration, that's also typical of early Cape Cod houses.
教授:正是如此。看看這座房屋的外部裝飾多么有限，這也是典型的科德角式房屋的特點。
The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out might blow away in the harsh weather,
風是其中的理由之一，任何支出來的東西都可能被大風吹走。
but there was probably another reason, not related to the climate,
但還有其他原因，跟氣候無關的，
more reflection of a rural New England society back then,
更關系到當時新英格蘭鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的狀況。
you see Cape Cod houses were not built in the big cities, where all the rich people lived back then.
科徳角房屋并不是建在大城市里的，那兒是富人住的地方。
These were the modest dwellings the people who built them simply couldn't afford lots of expensive decorated details.
這是一些經(jīng)濟拮據(jù)的人建的，他們沒有足夠的錢去點綴房屋。
But that was more than just matter of money.
但這不僅僅關系到錢。
In these rural areas, people depended on each other for survival.
在這些鄉(xiāng)下地區(qū)，人們依賴對方而生存。
Neighbors had to help and supported each other in the difficult environment, so you didn't want to appear to be showing off.
在這種艱難的環(huán)境里，鄰里之間互相幫助支持。所以你可能不想要太過炫耀。
You wanted to avoid anything that might set you apart from your neighbors, the same people you might need to help you someday.
你想要竭盡所能不做任何有可能損壞你跟你鄰居關系的事情，因為這些人有些一天會幫到你。
So all these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can see why a modest, a very plain style would become so widely imitated throughout rural New England.
所以所有人都想創(chuàng)造一種一致的、團結的態(tài)度，這樣你就看到了一種樸素的、非常普普通通的房屋風格在新英格蘭地區(qū)為什么被大量模仿。
Student 2:It is plain, but you know it's nice looking.
學生 2:它很普通，可你知道，看上去還不錯。
Professor:Good point,
教授:說得好。
and in fact it's precisely that as aesthetic appeal, the…the purity, the nearly perfect proportion of the houses…
事實上，確切來說它富有美感，這種純正得幾乎比例完美的房子。
that's another reason for the cape cod enduring popularity even in the places where the climate was so mild, it's functional design doesn't matter.
這也是為什么科徳角房屋即便在氣候溫和，不需要考慮功能性的地方依然受歡迎。
