13. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.

【分析】并列句。but連接兩個互為轉折關系的分句，兩個分句都是簡單句；第二個分句冒號后的部分補充說明side effect.
【譯文】學者、政策制定者以及形形色色的評論家就這些變化的社會意義展開了討論,但是卻很少有人看到其副作用：家庭風險也提高了。

14. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback — a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

【分析】多重復合句。主句主干為they have lost the parachute。they once had…setback 為省略了關系代詞的定語從句，修飾parachute;破折號后的a back-up earner ( usually Mom)是破折號前 parachute 的同位語, 之后接who引導的定語從句，該從句中包含if引導的條件狀語從句。
【譯文】結果，他們失去了在財政困難時曾經擁有的救護傘—在家庭的主要經濟支柱失業或病倒時出去工作的“候補養家人”(通常是媽媽）。
【點撥】parachute的字面意思是“降落傘”，但在本句中引申為“保護，保護傘”。