19.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution, ”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

【分析】復合句。主句主干為The southern states would not have signed the Constitution；介詞結構including a clause…對peculiar institution作進一步的解釋，其中that引導的定語從句修飾clause。本句中用到了虛擬語氣，would not have signed表達的是與過去亊實相反的假設，介詞短語without protections for the "peculiar institution”表達了隱含的條件，相當于if they had not had protections for the "peculiar institution"。

【譯文】如果不保護他們的“特殊制度”，南方各州是不會簽署聯邦憲法的。“特殊制度”中有一條規定：在選舉國會代表時，一個奴隸可算作五分之三個公民。

【點撥】1)clause常見的意思為“分句，從句”，本句中意為“（法律、合同等的）條款，款項”。2)for purposes of“為了…...”。

【臨摹】這幅畫只是為了說明起見。

with或without表達隱含條件的用法

with或without在句中作狀語，可以表示真實的條件，也可以表示虛擬的條件，理解為“如果...”或“若是沒有…”。 例如：Without his help, I don’t know how to get started.沒有他的幫助，我無從下手（真實的條件）。Without your help, we could not have completed the task ahead of time. = If it had not been for your help…若是沒有你的幫助,我們不可能提前完成任務(非真實條件)。

20.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow in the victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.

【分析】簡單句。句子主干為The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory。介詞短語in the presidential...作狀語，其中包含by引導的方式狀語。

【譯文】3/5代表權的規定讓選舉團中支持杰弗遜的南方各州的人數增多，使杰弗遜在1800年的總統選舉中以微弱優勢勝出。

【點撥】l)hand sb. sth.本意為“遞給某人某物”，本句中引申為“幫助某人獲得某物”的意思。2)narrow victory意為“險勝，以微弱優勢獲勝”。3)inflate作及物動詞時，原意為“使充氣；使通貨膨脹”，本句中意為“使大量增加”。

臨摹答案

13. Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

14. A strong man will struggle with storms of fate.

15. sI cannot totally take your point, but by and large I think yours is reasonable.

17. Her success was in part due to luck.

19. This picture is for purposes of illustration only.