21. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 ; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

【分析】并列句。分號(hào)將兩個(gè)并列的簡單句隔開。在前一個(gè)分句中,once in office為條件狀語；后一分句中，including…作伴隨狀語。

【譯文】登上總統(tǒng)寶座以后，杰弗遜在1803年通過購買 路易斯安那州擴(kuò)大了奴隸制的存在范圍。這片新的國土也被劃分為13個(gè)州，其中包括三個(gè)實(shí)行奴隸制的州。

【點(diǎn)撥】carve into本義為“雕刻成”，在本句中意為“分割成”。

22. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

【分析】復(fù)合句。主句主干為Washington overcame the strong opposition。who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句修飾Washington，其中that引導(dǎo)的從句作如believe的賓語，after... the Revolutionary War為時(shí)間狀語。句尾的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to grant…作overcame的目的狀語。

【譯文】在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭期間，華盛頓目睹了黑人士兵的英勇，他開始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顧親友的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，把賦予奴隸自由的決定寫進(jìn)了遺書。

【點(diǎn)撥】1)overcome意為“戰(zhàn)勝，克服”，常用的搭配有overcome difficulty/adversity 戰(zhàn)勝困難/困境；overcome dread 克服恐懼；overcome troubles 踏平坎坷。2)grant sb. sth.意為“授予某人某物”。