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Listen to part of a psychology lecture.
聽一段心理學講座。
The professor is discussing behaviorism.
教授在探討行為主義。
Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism.
如今，很多人認為約翰沃森是行為主義的創立者。
And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure.
和其他的行為主義者一樣，他認為心理學家應該只研究可見和可測的行為。
They 're not interested in mental processes.
他們對心理歷程并不感興趣。
While a person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report.
當一個人進行心里描述時，沒人見，無人聽，也沒人驗證其報道的精確性。
But one thing you can observe is muscular habits.
而你能觀察到肌肉運動規律。
What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking.
約翰沃森做的是觀察肌肉運動規律，因為他把這些看成是思考的一種表現。
One kind of habit that he studied are laryngeal habits.
他研究的一種規律是喉部規律。
Watson thought laryngeal habits... you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box.
沃森認為喉部規律......嗯，從喉頭開始，換句話說，與喉頭相關
.. he thought those habits were an expression of thinking.
......他認為這些規律是思考的符號。
He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they 're not trying to communicate with someone in particular.
他認為對很小的小孩而言，思考就是大聲跟自己講話，因為小孩即便是自言自語時聲音也不小。
As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit.
當這個孩子長大后，公然自言自語變成悄悄自言自語，但此時思考時喉部肌肉依然活動。
One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem,
我這么說的理由之一是當人們要解決一個問題時，
they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region.
他們的，嗯，喉部肌肉運動增加。
That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential muscle activity you discover that when people are thinking,
也就是說，如果你將電極緊貼喉部來測量肌肉潛能——肌肉活動——你會發現當人們的思考的時候，
like if they 're diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.
這么說，如果他們在努力解決一個問題時，喉部肌肉就在活動。
So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors a set of responses and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity.
所以，沃森提出一個觀點：解決問題或思考問題可以定義為一系列的活動——一連串的反應——而在這個案例中他觀察到的反應是喉部運動。
That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit.
這正是他把這一現象稱之為喉部運動規律的原因。
Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding.
在我正在思考 打算說什么的時候，我喉嚨的肌肉正在作出相應的運動。
So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity.
所以，可以通過測量肌肉活動的形式來測量思考。
Now, the motor theory... yes?
也就是機動理論......你要問什么？
Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign?
嗯，布萊克教授，沃森有沒有碰巧研究過用手勢交流的人？
I mean deaf people?
我說的是聾啞人？
Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they 're given problems of various kinds,
他確實研究過，嗯，先提前說兩句吧，我們發現當用手語交流的聾啞人面臨需要解決各種各樣的問題時，
they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem... muscle changes in the hand,
他們用手部肌肉的活動來解決問題......手部肌肉在變化，
just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.
就好像健全人的喉部肌肉在活動一樣。
So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles.
所以，在沃森看來，思維是跟肌肉的運動是一致的。
A related concept of thinking was developed by William James.
被威廉詹姆斯發揚光大的一個與思維相關的一個理念
It's called ideomotor action.
叫做動念動作。
Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it.
動念動作是一種我們意識不到的活動，我們察覺不到它的存在。
I 'll give you one simple example.
我給你們舉一個例子。
If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location.
如果你在想一個地方，很可能你的眼球就在重現你在想的那個地方。
In particular, from where we 're sitting, imagine that you 're asked to think of our university library.
特別是當我們坐在教室里試想我們學校的圖書館。
Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you 're sitting directly facing me,
如果你閉著眼睛想著學校圖書館，同時你現在就坐在我的面前，
then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ' cause the library's in that general direction.
那么根據這個概念，你的眼球會輕輕地往左邊轉動，因為校圖書館總的說來在那個方向。
James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called" ideomotor action" - an idea leads to motor activity.
詹姆斯和其他研究人員認為這個想法是引出機動理論的引子，也就是為什么被稱之為“動念動作”的原因——機動理論之源。
If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick.
如果你想在親友們面前炫一下的話，你可以將這個簡單過程改裝成魔術把戲。
Ask people to do something such as I 've just described: think of something on their left; think of something on their right.
讓“魔粉” 按照我這樣的描述去做：想想在你左邊的東西；想想在你右邊的東西。
You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully.
你讓他們閉上眼睛想在左右各兩樣東西，然后仔細觀察他們的眼睛。
And if you do that, you 'll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement that is,
如果你仔細觀察的話，你會清晰發現他們眼睛的活動——也就是說，
you can see the movement of the eyeballs.
你能看到他們眼球的運動。
Now, then you say, think of either one and I 'll tell which you 're thinking of.
之后，你跟他們說想其中一個然后我告訴你想的是什么。
OK.Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking.
好嘞，嗯，沃森假設肌肉運動等同于思維。
But given everything we 've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking?
但就我們今天討論的這一切，有人不免要問：有與機動理論相仿的理論——聲稱肌肉運動等同于思維的理論嗎？
Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking?
有無可以解釋肌肉活動的這種變化，除了說與思維相關的其他說法嗎？答案是肯定有的。
And the answer is clearly yes.
有無回答這個問題的確切答案？我認為沒有。
