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經濟學人:生命的終點 The end of the line

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Books and Arts; Book Review; Death and mourning; The end of the line;

文藝;書評;死亡與哀悼;生命的終點站;
“In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes,” mused Benjamin Franklin. With death, at least, humans have devised myriad ways to deal with the inevitable, from the practicalities of disposing the body to the grief of losing a loved one. In her new book “Making an Exit”, Sarah Murray, a contributor to the Financial Times, travels the globe to discover how different cultures conduct funeral rites and honour the dead.
本杰明·富蘭克林曾沉思,“在這個世界上,除了死亡和稅收,沒有什么是確定無疑的”。面對死亡,人類至少已經想過無數種方式來應對這一無法回避的現實,從安置尸體的實際操作到失去所愛的悲痛之心。金融時報撰稿人Sarah Murray曾游歷世界各地,在她的新書《退出》中探索了不同文化背景的人們是如何舉行葬禮以紀念逝者。

A morbid subject, perhaps. But as Ms Murray's book reveals, it is a peculiarly British habit to quarantine death with “pragmatism, etiquette and control”. Other cultures have a more comfortable relationship with the deceased, and even commune with the spirits of ancestors. Funerals are not always solemn affairs.

這或許是個有點病態的話題。但是正如Murray女士在書中所呈現的,習慣將死亡和“實用主義、禮節規矩、和鎮定自若”這些詞隔離開只是一種英國獨有的怪癖。相比之下,在其他的文化信仰中,人們對待逝者則要輕松許多,甚至會和祖先的靈魂有所交流。葬禮不總是件嚴肅莊重的事情。

A self-described “child of globalisation”, Ms Murray has led a nomadic life. Having lived and worked on four continents, she is now based in New York—the depot of choice for those who pine for immortality. She undertook this globetrotting adventure for two reasons: to feed her wanderlust and to ponder her own final resting place. The death of her father, and his clear orders for an unfussy, secular send-off, prompted Ms Murray to consider her own long goodbye. The result is not only a fascinating travelogue, but also a personal meditation on loss and fate.

Murray女士過著流浪般的生活,所以她自稱是個“全球化的孩子”。她之前在四個大洲生活工作過,現在定居紐約。對于渴望永生不朽的人們來說,紐約將是個理想圣地。她著手這趟全球旅行是有兩個原因:一是滿足她的旅行癖,二是考慮自己最終的安息之地。她父親的去世,以及他生前要求簡單的、非宗教的送行儀式,這一切促使Murray開始考慮起她自己的后事。這本書不僅是一本奇妙的旅游日志,也是一次個人對死亡和命運的思考。

Ms Murray excels in the role of intrepid tour guide. She has an inviting way of taking readers by the hand to explore new cultures and places. Unfortunately she is less strong when she turns her gaze back at herself. Some anecdotes feel like a distraction—readers may wonder at the relevance of her hairdresser's great aunt's cremation, or of her bout of food poisoning in China. But if you are prepared to meander and occasionally indulge, then there is a wealth to discover within these pages.

Murray女士在這趟旅行中出色地飾演了勇敢的向導一角。她用引人入勝的方式帶領讀者去探索新鮮的文化和地方。遺憾的是當她再過頭來看自己的書,內容就沒有那么精彩了。一些趣聞似乎有些跑題:讀者或許會好奇她美發店的嬸祖母火化,還有她在中國食物中毒這些事情和主題有什么相關。但是如果你準備好時不時地翻一兩頁書或者偶爾沉浸于書中的話,那么你將會在這本書中獲益匪淺。

The Balinese have the most extravagant funeral rites. They spend weeks creating elaborate pyres, often in the shape of a sacred bull, and burn their coffin-sheathed dead in joyous public ceremonies. Crying is frowned upon, as they believe this may hinder the spirit from reaching heaven. Conversely, the Shia Muslims in Iran embrace grief. They hold an annual ceremony of public weeping and wailing to commemorate the martyrdom in 680AD of Imam Husayn, grandson of Muhammad.

巴里島的火葬儀式是最為奢華隆重的。他們要花費幾個星期的時間搭建復雜精致的柴堆(通常搭成圣牛的形狀),然后在熱鬧的公眾儀式中火化躺在靈柩中的逝者。哭泣是不允許的,因為人們相信這樣可能會阻礙逝者的靈魂抵達天堂。相反地,伊朗的什葉派穆斯林則會盡情表達自己的悲痛。他們每年舉行公眾儀式紀念公元680年殉難的穆罕穆德的孫子——伊瑪目?侯賽因,儀式中他們痛哭流涕。

Pragmatism informs many funerary practices. The Zoroastrians in Iran, for example, traditionally leave corpses in towers for vultures to devour, so the bodies do not pollute the soil. Cremation is becoming more popular around the world, not only because land for cemeteries is increasingly rare and expensive, but also because ashes are easily transported. This is important in an ever globalised world, as for most people “the desire to be buried at home is the strongest”.

實用主義影響著很多葬禮的風俗習慣。比如說,伊朗的拜火教按照傳統將尸體放在高塔之上,讓禿鷹啄食吃光,這樣人的軀體就不會腐蝕土壤。火葬在全世界越來越受歡迎,不僅僅是因為墓地的持續緊缺,而且價格上漲,同時也是因為骨灰更容易運輸。在不斷全球化的世界中,這一點對于大多數強烈渴望落葉歸根的人們非常重要。

But most practices are shaped by religious beliefs and a faith in the afterlife. The Chinese keep shrines to the dead in their homes, and burn paper offerings to encourage the spirits to bestow good fortune on the living. Communities from Chile to Egypt to Sicily have mummified their dead to preserve the body for the afterlife. Ms Murray visits some particularly ghoulish mummies, dressed but withered, in the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo. For Hindus, though, the body is just a vehicle for the soul. In India the dying make pilgrimages to sacred sites, such as Varanasi, to be cremated and released into the River Ganges, India's holiest waterway. This is so the dead can achieve moksha—breaking the cycle of birth, death and rebirth to gain enlightenment. The cremation ghats in Varanasi burn day and night.

但是大多數風俗習慣深受宗教信仰和來世之說的影響。中國將神龕保存在逝者的家中,而且燒紙糊的祭品,祈求逝者的靈魂可以保佑生者。像智利、埃及,還有西西里(意大利),那里的人們都會將死者做成木乃伊,為來世保存好軀體。Murray女士在巴勒莫(意大利)嘉布遣會修士陵墓里參觀過一些特別恐怖的木乃伊。他們穿戴整齊,但是干癟枯槁。對于印度人來說,軀體只是靈魂的載體。在印度,死亡就是前往圣地(像瓦臘納西)的遠游,火化后將骨灰撒在印度最神圣的水上航道——恒河中。這樣逝者即可得以解脫——超脫生而死,死而再生的輪回,獲得開悟。在瓦臘納西,火葬的河岸石梯上日夜都在焚燒著尸體。

Rituals for the dead are “hooks on which to hang our behaviour”, says Ms Murray. They help the living to make sense of loss. Death may be hard to contemplate, but this book is as much about the journey as it is about the last stop.

Murray女士說,葬禮是“懸著人類行為方式的掛鉤”。這些儀式幫助生者懂得失去的意義。死亡也許很難讓人接受,但是這本書不僅談論死亡,而且也會涉及很多有關旅行的話題。

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