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The shattering, splintering, and splitting of a long bone by the impact of a Minie ball is both remarkable and frightening.
迷你彈對長骨帶來的沖擊所造成的骨骼粉碎，破裂，撕爛觸目驚心令人膽寒
An experienced surgeon can hack off a limb in just ten minutes.
一位有經驗的外科醫生可以在十分鐘內截掉一段肢體
Ether and chloroform are used as anesthetics.
當時的麻醉藥是乙醚和氯仿
If a bullet doesn't kill you, then infection can.
即使從槍口下逃生，傷口感染也會致命
Gangrene is the greatest killer.
壞疽是最大的殺手
Deprived of oxygen,wounds become an ideal breeding ground for clostridium,
由于隔絕了氧氣傷口成了梭菌理想的滋生地
a bacteria that releases a poisonous toxin destroying tissue.
這種細菌釋放出毒素，破壞組織結構
Death can follow quickly.
緊隨其后的便是死亡
Approximately 60,000 amputations are performed during the Civil War,
據估計內戰時期共進行了6萬次截肢手術
more than in any other war America has fought in.
這個數字超過了美國參與的其他任何戰爭
Twice as many soldiers died from infected wounds and disease as on the battlefield.
死于傷口感染和疾病的士兵人數是死在戰場上人數的兩倍
This unprecedented carnage forces a complete rethink of traditional battlefield medicine.
空前巨大的傷亡迫使人們開始重新審視傳統戰地醫療
Looking after the well-being of soldiers becomes as central to the war effort as the supply of guns and ammunition.
照顧士兵們的健康對提升部隊戰斗力來說與槍支彈藥的供給同等重要
Large numbers of women sign up as battlefield nurses.
大量的婦女志愿加入戰地護士的隊伍
One of them is Clara Barton.
克拉拉·巴頓就是其中之一
Help me, please. A saw?
來幫幫忙，拿個鋸子來
Clara Barton is untrained and unpaid.
克拉拉·巴頓未經訓練也不拿酬勞
When she starts, most nurses are men.
她剛加入時大部分護士都是男人
It is a menial occupation.
這是一份又臟又累的工作
The remedies she proposes for the care of the wounded are simple,but revolutionary in their effect.
她所提出的處理傷員的方法非常簡但實際效果卻是革命性的
They want food, clothing, shelter, medicines,and a few calm, practical persons to administer them.
他們需要食物，衣服，住處，藥物以及一些冷靜，有經驗的人照料他們
She insists the injured have a ready supply of clean bandages.
她堅持要隨時為傷者提供干凈的繃帶
First aid, the sorting of the wounded with the most serious cases first.
采取急救時要首先辨認出傷勢最重的傷員
The Civil War brings in a series of innovations that form the basis of battlefield medicine to this day.
內戰帶來了一系列創新建立了傳承至今的戰地醫療體系的基礎
20,000 women sign on as nurses during the war.
內戰期間，20000名女性報名成為護士
Clara Barton herself goes on to found the American Red Cross.
克拉拉·巴頓繼續前行后來建立了美國紅十字會
Standards of hygiene begin to dramatically improve with the discovery of bromine.
溴的發現使得衛生水平大幅度改善
This caustic chemical is effective against the bacteria that cause gangrene.
這種腐蝕性的化學物質可以有效地抑制產生壞疽的細菌滋生
As a result, nearly 3/4 of amputees survive surgery and gangrene becomes rare by the war's end.
因此，近四分之三的截肢者得以存活下來，到了戰爭末期壞疽已是鮮有發生
