新聞英語(journalistic English)指英文報刊上常見的各類文章,體裁多樣,有新聞報道、新聞特寫、廣告、公報、文藝作品、述評、訪談、學術介紹和爭鳴……題材廣泛,內容包羅萬象。限于篇幅,也因不存在一個統一的新聞報刊文體和為了便于陳述,本課所要講的新聞英語主要指那些新聞性強的news report,news analysis, news features等。新聞英語有以下文體特點:
(一)詞匯層面
(1) 新聞報道通常擁有自己的一些慣用詞匯,或者叫做"新聞詞語",如story一詞意思常常是news item或news report,而probe一詞則指"(新聞)調查",如中央電視臺的一個重要欄目"新聞調查"即譯為News Probe.還有如cut表示reduction;bar表示prevent;curb表示restrain或control等等。常見的其他例子還有:??
accord (give) ban (prohibition)?bid (attempt) boost (rise, increase) clash (disagreement) deal (business agreement) freeze (stabilization) loom(appear) blaze(fire) comb(search) row (violent argument) rap(to speak severely to, to blame, to punish) move (plan, decision, suggestion)?round(a series of action) shock (astonishment, blow) shun(to keep away from…) heist (robbery) viable (workable) voice(express) operation(activities) pact (agreement) woo (to seek to win…,to persuade…) fake (counterfeit)?
這些常用的新聞詞語一般都具有短小精悍的特點,這主要是由于使用短小的詞語能夠節省時間和篇幅并有利于搶發新聞的緣故。
(2) 為了表達的需要和追求新奇以吸引讀者,新聞英語中常會使用一些新詞(包括舊詞賦新義)和臨時生造的詞(nonce words),以使文章生動活潑,并給人以新奇之感。如gay (同性戀者),basket (一組問題等),unisex (男女共用),hijack (劫持),supercrat (高級官員),dial in (電話示威),moneywise (在金錢方面),thumbsuck (安撫),sitcom (情景喜劇),Reaganomics (里根經濟學),Jazznik (爵士樂迷 ),heartmen (換心人),Euromart (歐洲共同市場),Masscult (大眾文化),atobomb (原子彈),blacketeer (黑市商人)等。在這一點上,新聞英語與廣告英語十分相似。
(3) 新聞英語還廣泛借用社會各界的行業用語以及外來詞語。如從商業用語中它吸收借用了a package deal (一攬子交易),從賭博業中它借用了showdown (攤派),從體育中借用了knockout (擊敗)等。而外來詞語有如:coup de theatre (非常事件,源自法語,),swindler (騙子,源自德語),Zen (禪宗,源自日語),renegade (變節分子,源自西班牙語),rapport(兩國間的親善關系,源自法語),macho (偉男氣概,源自西班牙語)等等。
(4) 新聞英語還大量使用新聞套語,如according to…(eyewitness, AP reports, sources concerned, etc.)(據目擊者,美聯社,有關方面等),informative sources or well-informed source(消息靈通人士),with guarded reserve(持審慎態度),no comments(無可奉告),on the brink of a breakthrough(即將取得進展),quoted as saying (cited as saying)(援引……的話說), in response to allegation in The New York Times(就《紐約時報》的提法發表評論),Not so, not yet(不置可否),preferred not to be identified(不愿透露姓名的)等等。
(5) 為節省篇幅,新聞報道還常使用縮略詞,如:ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network),PC (personal computer),TMD(Theater Missile Defense),memo (memorandum),AIDS (Acquired immure Deficiency Syndrome),mod (modern), Lab (Labor), Lib (Liberal), nukes (nuclear weapons), heliport (helicopter airport), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), memo (memorandum), SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 等等。
(二) 句法層面
(1) 為求得在較小的篇幅內容納較多的信息量,新聞英語多采用擴展的簡單句(expanded simple sentences),其方法是使用定語、狀語、同位語、介詞短語、分詞短語等語言成分來擴展簡單句。因此,英語報刊里經常出現一個句子就是一個段落的情況。而要把眾多的信息包容到里面,在確保句式不過于復雜的前提下,作者只有大量使用或增加修飾限定詞的數量。試看下列一則報道:
LAGOS, Dec. 15(Reuter) - The Nigerian foreign ministry's offices were completely destroyed by a fire in the center of Lagos Monday night.
Eyewitnesses gave conflicting reports about the number of people injured in the blaze, which firemen suspect was caused by an electrical fault.
One fireman said four people had been rescued from the ministry, suffering from minor injuries. About 100 firemen were unable to prevent the blaze spreading to buildings beside the seven-storey ministry.
The foreign ministry, which lost many valuable records in the blaze, was due to be moved to a new site shortly.
The building, completely gutted by the blaze, also housed offices of the information ministry and the ministry of science and technology.??
(2) 廣泛使用直接引語間接引語。這既可增添新聞報道的真實性和生動性,又可顯示其客觀性。
(3)新聞英語多用主動語態,但為了敘事的客觀和便利,有時也使用一些被動結構。
(4)正文較多地使用現在時,而標題所使用的時態則幾乎都是現在時,這可對讀者產生一種"某事正在發生"的印象,從而增強其真實感和現實感。例如:China Starts WAP Service. / Longevity star dies at 110.
(5)標題中常使用省略句。像冠詞、動詞、介詞等常在標題中省略,這既可節省版面,又可使新聞的風格顯得簡潔明快。如:House and Senate Pursuing Efforts to Reduce Deficit (The New York Times) = The House of Representatives and the Senate are pursuing the efforts to reduce the deficit.?