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How can the World Bank Group do this? One essential mechanism is our more than $60 billion dollar annual portfolio of financial support to build public institutions and to catalyze a vibrant private sector. By creating knowledge-based global practice groups, our reorganization has developed another critical tool – something we’ve been calling the science of delivery. In order to solve the world’s most difficult development problems, we must ask ourselves two questions. The first is whether the solution is equal to the challenge. In other words, do we understand the problem and does our answer solve it? The second is whether someone, either in or outside the Bank, has found ways to deliver the solution. If so, can we capture it, apply it, and scale it up in other contexts? Our global practices are focused on answering these critical questions.
世界銀行集團如何來做到這一點？一個核心機制就是我們每年向發(fā)展中國家提供的600億美元資金支持，用來建設公共機構并催化形成富有活力的私營部門。通過成立以知識為基礎的全球實踐小組，世行已開發(fā)了另一個重要工具——我們稱之為“交付科學?！币鉀Q世界上最困難的發(fā)展議題，我們必須向自己提出以下兩個問題。首先，提出的解決方案是否與面臨的挑戰(zhàn)規(guī)模相符。換言之，我們是否全面地了解面臨的問題，我們的答案又能否解決問題？第二，不管是世行內部還是世行之外，是否有人已經找到交付解決方案的途徑。如果是這樣，我們能否得到、應用這種解決方案并將其擴大推廣？我們的全球實踐的工作重點就是要回答這些關鍵問題。
Boosting shared prosperity is the World Bank Group’s way of tackling the challenge of inequality. Identifying ways to deliver the solution requires at least two steps. First, we need to improve our understanding of how economic growth at the national level has an impact on the development of individual households. So we need to collect better and more precise data from low-income countries.
促進共享繁榮是世界銀行集團解決不平等挑戰(zhàn)的途徑。要想找出交付解決方案的辦法，至少需要采取兩個步驟。首先，我們要更好地了解國家層面的經濟增長對個體家庭的影響。因此，我們需要更好、更準確地收集低收入國家的有關數據。
Second, when we provide project-based financial and technical assistance, we must continue to evaluate these initiatives’ impact on low-income people’s earnings. Take building roads. In Bangladesh, we helped build and fix three thousand kilometers of roads. Then we studied whether these improvements made a difference. We found that in just six years’ time, the average household income in the areas of these projects grew 74 percent. This was largely because the roads connected communities to markets. We also looked at areas that had not received these upgrades. There, average household incomes declined 23 percent. These kinds of assessments show what does and doesn’t work when it comes to boosting shared prosperity.
其次，在提供基于項目的財務和技術援助時，我們必須繼續(xù)評估項目對低收入者收入的影響。以道路項目為例：世行幫助孟加拉國修建了3000公里公路，后來我們研究了道路的改善是否產生了切實影響。我們發(fā)現，在短短六年里，公路項目涵蓋地區(qū)的家庭平均收入增長了74%。這在很大程度上是由于道路把社區(qū)與市場連接起來。我們還分析了那些沒進行道路升級改造的地區(qū)，這些地區(qū)的家庭平均收入下降了23%。通過這樣的評估分析，就可以看出哪些措施對促進共享繁榮行之有效，哪些措施無效。
Our experience tells us that four strategies are also integral to accomplishing this goal: building human capital; constructing well-designed and implemented social safety nets; offering incentives for the private sector to create good jobs; and implementing fiscally and environmentally sustainable policies to pursue these ends. Projects that share these attributes will receive priority access to the Bank’s financial and technical assistance.
經驗告訴我們，有四項戰(zhàn)略對實現共享繁榮也是必不可少的：建立人力資本；建設設計和實施良好的社會安全網；向私營部門提供激勵以創(chuàng)造好的就業(yè)機會；實施具有財政和環(huán)境可持續(xù)性的政策來實現這些目標。具有上述特點的項目可以優(yōu)先獲得世界銀行的財務和技術援助。
The science of delivery has also helped guide our response to the Ebola epidemic. The virus is spreading out of control in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Thousands of people are dead. Likely well over ten thousand people have become infected. And both of these numbers are climbing rapidly. As a consequence, our ability to boost shared prosperity in West Africa – and potentially the entire continent – may be quickly disappearing.
交付科學也指導著我們對埃博拉疫情所作的反應。該病毒在幾內亞、利比里亞和塞拉利昂的傳播正在失控。已經有數千人死亡，感染者可能已遠遠超過一萬人。死亡和感染人數還在快速上升。這種情況造成的后果就是我們在西非——乃至整個非洲大陸——促進共享繁榮的能力可能會迅速消失。
Under the Bank’s best case scenario, Ebola will cause the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars in economic growth in the affected countries. This is a critically serious matter. These states are emerging from years of civil war and strife, both of which contributed to their low levels of per capita income. Growth is therefore essential to easing the horrible conditions in which millions of their citizens live. If the pandemic continues to jump to other countries, the growth lost could climb into the tens of billions of dollars or higher. So, unless we stop the infection’s spread now, there will be little prosperity to share, to say nothing of the number of people who will be unable to partake in what remains.
根據世行分析，在最好的情況下，埃博拉將給受影響的國家造成數億美元經濟損失。這是一個十分嚴重的問題。這些國家剛剛走出多年戰(zhàn)亂，人均收入很低。因此，經濟增長對緩解這些國家?guī)装偃f人口的悲慘處境至關重要。如果疫情繼續(xù)蔓延到其他國家，那么造成的經濟損失可能高達上百億美元甚至更高。因此，除非我們立即制止疫情的傳播，否則共享繁榮就無從談起，更不要說很多人將失去生命。
The world’s response to date has been inadequate. I’m a doctor trained in infectious diseases and have treated poor and marginalized people in Haiti, Peru, and Lesotho, among other places. We treated people suffering from complex diseases such as multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and HIV. So it has been painful to see us replay old failures from previous epidemics.
迄今為止，全球對埃博拉疫情作出的反應是不足的。我是一名傳染病醫(yī)生，曾在海地、秘魯和萊索托等國治療貧困和被邊緣化的病人，如患有多重抗藥性結核病和HIV病毒感染等復雜疾病的患者。所以，現在看到我們在流行病問題上重蹈覆轍，讓人深感痛心。
At the turn of the century, HIV had infected an estimated 24 million people in Africa. While effective treatments for the virus existed for rich people, low-income people on the continent did not have access to them because of a failure of imagination and low aspirations for the poor. Some global health experts believed that providing effective HIV treatment to low-income communities was too difficult and would cost too much. Yet today, more than 10 million poor people worldwide are being treated for HIV.
在世紀之交時，非洲已有約2400萬人感染HIV。雖然有錢人可以獲得有效的治療，但由于有關方面缺乏想象力，對窮人缺乏熱情，非洲大陸的低收入者無法獲得治療。當時有些全球醫(yī)療專家認為，向低收入社區(qū)提供有效的HIV治療過于困難，耗費太高。但現在，全世界有超過1000萬窮人正在接受HIV治療。
We have made similar mistakes when it comes to combatting Ebola in West Africa, even though we received repeated warnings from governments of the affected countries, Médecins Sans Frontières and others. So now, we’re playing catch up.
我們在抗擊西非埃博拉疫情方面也犯了同樣的錯誤——盡管受影響國家的政府和“無國界醫(yī)生”等組織已經反復提出了警告。所以現在我們必須盡快彌補。
To determine how we could contribute to a coordinated response, the World Bank Group identified infectious disease experts who have on the ground experience implementing complex containment and treatment protocols in low-income countries. We then sent them to Guinea and Liberia. Based on what they saw, they have told us that, if we make an enormous surge now, we can treat the sick and contain the virus. The infrastructure we need is not that difficult to build and we have protocols to limit the infection’s spread. Most importantly, they have told us that further delay will make an effective response exponentially more difficult.
為了確定世界銀行集團如何為疫情的協調響應做貢獻，世行聘請了一些有在低收入國家控制和治療傳染病經驗的專家，將他們派往幾內亞和利比里亞。根據在當地觀察到的情況，他們告訴我們，如果現在大幅增加疫情防控投入，我們可以治療那些患者并限制病毒的擴散。建設所需的基礎設施并不很難，而且我們已有控制傳染的標準化規(guī)程。最重要的一點是——他們說，再拖延下去將會使控制疫情的難度幾何級上升。
We’re now moving quickly to do our part. The World Bank Group has transferred $105 million dollars in emergency funding to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone – more money to date than any other organization. This ensures their governments have cash to purchase equipment and services essential to fighting Ebola. Overall, we have committed $400 million dollars to support treatment and containment. And we have devoted our considerable analytical resources to show that acting now will save hundreds of millions if not tens of billions of dollars.
我們現在正在迅速行動，做好我們的工作。世界銀行集團已向幾內亞、利比里亞和塞拉利昂撥付了1.05億美元緊急援助資金——比其他任何組織都多。這保證了這些國家的政府有現金來購買抗擊埃博拉所必需的設備和服務。我們一共承諾了4億美元用于支持埃博拉的治療和控制。我們對這場危機也投入了大量分析資源，通過研究表明現在采取行動可以節(jié)省數億乃至上百億美元。
Other parts of the coordinated global response are also taking place. In the last few weeks, we have seen significant action from President Obama and the United States; the British and French governments are also stepping up their efforts.
其他方面也在加入全球的協調響應。過去幾周里，我們看到了奧巴馬總統和美國采取的重要行動；英國和法國政府也正在加大努力。
Still, because of the epidemic’s scope and rapid growth, more progress is needed. If the CDC’s worst case scenario comes true, and 1.4 million people are infected, the virus’s impact will be truly global. Concerned citizens need to demand immediate deployments of capital and human resources to the affected countries. Otherwise, thousands more will die needless deaths and an economic catastrophe may take place.
然而，由于疫情范圍很廣，發(fā)展速度很快，因此在疫情控制方面需要有更大進展。如果美國疾病控制中心對防控前景的最糟預測成為現實，多達140萬人受感染，那么埃博拉就會產生真正全球性的影響。關心此事的公民應當要求政府立即向受影響的國家提供資金和人力援助。不這樣做的話，還會有成千上萬人無謂地死亡，同時還可能發(fā)生巨大的經濟災難。
The World Bank Group is now fully engaged in fighting Ebola to prevent this outcome; we are also involved because we are committed to promoting equality. Indeed, we aspire to live this value every day in our own workplace. Our employees are citizens of over one hundred countries and speak well over one hundred languages. I am proud of the institution’s openness to differences in no small part because I know what the alternative looks like. After emigrating from Korea as a child, I grew up in a small town in Iowa. I understand what it’s like to be an outsider, and occasionally experienced the pain of racial and ethnic prejudice. At the Bank, exclusion and bias are not tolerated.
世界銀行正在全力抗擊埃博拉，以阻止上述情況的發(fā)生；同時，我們積極參與此事，也是由于我們致力于促進平等。實際上，我們在世行內部也努力貫徹平等的價值觀。世行的雇員來自100多個國家，說100多種語言。世行對差異性持非常開放的態(tài)度，我對這一點深感驕傲——因為我知道如果不尊重差異性會是什么樣子。我童年時從韓國移民來到美國，在艾奧瓦的一個小城長大。我知道作為外來者的滋味，偶爾也嘗到過種族歧視的痛苦。而在世界銀行，排外和歧視是不被容忍的。
Over time, we have made progress in expanding diversity among World Bank Group employees, but we can do better. For years, for instance, we have fallen short in recruiting African Americans to our ranks. That is changing. We have asked some of the most thoughtful national leaders on diversity to help us build a broad and sustained outreach to highly qualified African American candidates. We will set concrete targets to encourage senior managers to hire more diverse staff. I expect to see the results of our work this coming year.
我們在增強世行集團雇員的多元化方面已經取得了進展，但還可以做得更好。比如，很多年來我們在招募非裔美國人方面做得不盡人意。這種情況現在已有所改變。我們已邀請在多元化領域最有想法的全國性領導人幫助我們，廣泛、持續(xù)地尋找那些符合條件的非裔美國人候選人。我們將設立具體的指標，確保高層管理者雇用更為多元化的工作人員。我預計這方面的工作將在明年產生具體成果。
Howard University is also helping this efforts. The university and the World Bank Group are in discussions to create internships for doctoral candidates in economics to work with our Development Economics Vice President’s office. These internships would create the opportunity for Howard graduate students to immerse themselves in development policies and programs affecting countries around the world. I also invite all Howard graduates to apply for our expanded analyst and Young Professional programs, which are excellent ways to launch careers at the institution.
霍華德大學也正在這方面向我們提供幫助。貴校與世界銀行集團正在討論為經濟學博士生設立實習機會，讓他們在發(fā)展經濟學副行長辦公室工作。這些實習機會將使博士生們可以參與影響各個國家的發(fā)展政策和規(guī)劃的制訂。我在此也邀請霍華德大學的畢業(yè)生申請世行擴大了的分析員和“青年專家”招聘項目，這些項目是開啟世行事業(yè)的絕佳途徑。
I hope that these steps and my presence here encourage many of you to prepare your resumes. Twenty-nine Howard graduates currently work at the Bank. We are always looking for the best and the brightest, and we have found many of them right here.
希望這些措施以及我今天的到來會鼓勵你們準備簡歷，申請有關機會。目前有29名霍華德大學的畢業(yè)生在世行工作。我們永遠都在尋找最優(yōu)秀的人才，而我們在貴校就找到了很多。
In 1957, the trustees of Howard University awarded Martin Luther King Jr. and Jackie Robinson honorary Doctor of Laws degrees. Mr. Robinson had just retired from Major League Baseball and was 38 years-old; Dr. King was just 28 years-old. Six years later, during the March on Washington, he stood before the Lincoln Memorial and gave his famous “I have a Dream Speech.” Five years after that, he was shot and killed.
1957年，霍華德大學董事會授予馬丁·路德·金和杰基·羅賓遜榮譽法學博士學位。當時羅賓遜先生38歲，剛從美國職業(yè)棒球大聯盟退役；而金博士只有28歲。六年之后，在華盛頓大游行中，金博士站在林肯紀念堂前，發(fā)表了著名的“我有一個夢”演講。而在那五年之后，他被刺身亡。
Dr. King was one of my heroes. When I was growing up, my mother, a philosopher, used to read his speeches to me. I think about him today because of his bond with Howard and his embrace, years ago, of what have become the World Bank Group’s twin goals.
金博士是我崇拜的英雄之一。在我成長過程中，我的哲學家母親曾為我朗讀他的演講。今天我又想起他，不僅是由于他與霍華德大學的淵源，也是由于他多年以前就是今天世界銀行集團兩大目標的支持者。
Four days before his death, Dr. King gave one of his final sermons. Standing only a few miles from here at Washington’s National Cathedral, he called poverty a “monstrous octopus” that “spreads its nagging, prehensile tentacles into hamlets and villages all over our world.” He said that he had seen it in Latin America, Africa and Asia, in addition to Mississippi, New Jersey and New York. He spoke of the challenge “to rid our nation and the world of poverty.”
在金博士去世四天前，他在距此地只有幾英里的華盛頓國家大教堂進行了一次布道。他把貧困稱為一個“巨大的章魚”，將“惱人的魔爪伸向世界各地的村落?！彼f，他不僅在密西西比、新澤西和紐約看到了貧困，也在拉美、非洲和亞洲目睹了它的存在。他在布道中提出要讓“我們的國家以及整個世界擺脫貧困?！?/div>
Dr. King told the audience that, “in a few weeks,” he planned to join others in a new March on Washington. He called it a “Poor People’s Campaign” to “demand that the government address itself to the problem of poverty.” He explained that, in this mission, wealth was not wrong, but part of the solution. He said that America’s capacity as “the richest nation in the world” gave it the “opportunity to help bridge the gulf between the haves and the have-nots.” He also explicitly linked justice to economic development. In words that resonate with all of us here, he said, [and I quote]:
金博士告訴他的聽眾，“幾周后”他將和其他人共同在華盛頓舉行一次新的游行，他稱之為一場“要求政府解決貧困問題”的“窮人運動”。他解釋說，在這場運動中，擁有財富不是錯誤，而是解決方案的一個組成部分。他說，美國是“世界上最富裕的國家”，這給它提供了“幫助消除富人與窮人之間鴻溝的機會”。他還明確地將公正與經濟發(fā)展聯系起來。他的話我們現在聽起來都會深有共鳴：
“If a man doesn’t have a job or an income, he has neither life nor liberty nor the possibility for the pursuit of happiness. He merely exists.”
“如果一個人沒有工作，沒有收入，那他就沒有生活，沒有自由，也不可能去追求快樂。他只是生存而已?！?/div>
The World Bank Group’s two main goals stand in lockstep with the agenda Dr. King laid out in those days before his death, now 56 years ago. Boosting shared prosperity will be achieved by raising incomes, creating jobs, educating children, and providing all with access to food, water, shelter and health care. By doing so, we will grow our collective wealth and nurture our humanity. To paraphrase Dr. King, we will bend the arc of history toward justice.
世界銀行集團的兩大目標與56年前金博士去世前提出的議程高度一致。促進共享繁榮可以通過提高收入、創(chuàng)造就業(yè)、為兒童提供教育、為所有人提供食品、水、住房和醫(yī)療保健來實現。通過這些措施，我們將增加我們共有的財富，培養(yǎng)人性關懷。套用金博士的話來說，我們將努力扭轉歷史的弧線使其偏向正義。
Please join this mission. Help make YOUR generation the generation that ends extreme poverty and reduces inequality all over the world.
請加入這一使命。通過努力在你們這一代終結極度貧困，減少全球的不平等。
Thank you very much.
謝謝。
| 重點單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| experienced | [iks'piəriənst] |
想一想再看 adj. 有經驗的 |
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| needless | ['ni:dlis] |
想一想再看 adj. 不需要的，無用的 |
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| inequality | [.ini'kwɔliti] |
想一想再看 n. 不平等，不平均，差異，多變性，不等式 |
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| immediate | [i'mi:djət] |
想一想再看 adj. 立即的，即刻的，直接的，最接近的 |
聯想記憶 | |
| emerging | [i'mə:dʒ] |
想一想再看 vi. 浮現，(由某種狀態(tài))脫出，(事實)顯現出來 |
||
| thoughtful | ['θɔ:tful] |
想一想再看 adj. 深思的，體貼的 |
||
| prevent | [pri'vent] |
想一想再看 v. 預防，防止 |
聯想記憶 | |
| sustained | [səs'teind] |
想一想再看 adj. 持久的，經久不衰的 |
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| effective | [i'fektiv] |
想一想再看 adj. 有效的，有影響的 |
聯想記憶 | |
| control | [kən'trəul] |
想一想再看 n. 克制，控制，管制，操作裝置 |
