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Hikikomori in Japan
日本“宅”青年
Hikikomori ，literally "pulling inward, being confined" is a Japanese term to refer to the phenomenon of reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement. The term hikikomori refers to both the sociological phenomenon in general as well as to people belonging to this societal group.
隱蔽青年（字面意思為“往內(nèi)拉”或“被限制”）是一個(gè)日語單詞，指的是青少年或者年輕人退離社會(huì)生活的一種隱居現(xiàn)象。他們常常追求極度的與世隔絕和避居。“hikikomori”這個(gè)詞既是指一般的社會(huì)學(xué)現(xiàn)象，也是指屬于這類社會(huì)群體的人。Otaku：宅男
reclusive ：獨(dú)處的; 隱居的
eg：All that neighbours knew about the reclusive man was that he had lived in the building for about 20 years.
關(guān)于那名隱居者鄰居們所知道的就是他已經(jīng)在那棟樓里住了大約二十年了。
withdraw from ：退出 eg：I don't know if he will withdraw from the race.我不知道他是否將退出比賽。
注：societal ：社會(huì)的 較“social”更為正式，更加刻意
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines hikikomori as people who refuse to leave their house and, thus, isolate themselves from society in their homes for a period exceeding six months.
日本厚生勞動(dòng)省把“hikikomori”定義為拒絕離開家的人，以及因此把自己隔離在家里超過六個(gè)月的人。
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ：日本厚生勞動(dòng)?。ń】?、勞動(dòng)和福利部）是負(fù)責(zé)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生和社會(huì)保障的主要部門，辦公地址在東京都千代田區(qū)霞關(guān)2丁目。 厚生勞動(dòng)省設(shè)有11個(gè)局7個(gè)部門，主要負(fù)責(zé)日本的國(guó)民健康、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供、藥品和食品安全、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)保障、勞動(dòng)就業(yè)、弱勢(shì)群體社會(huì)救助等職責(zé)。
The psychiatrist Tamaki Saito defines hikikomori as "A state that has become a problem by the late twenties, that involves cooping oneself up in one’s own home and not participating in society for six months or longer, but that does not seem to have another psychological problem as its principal source."
精神病學(xué)家斎藤玉木宏認(rèn)為“hikikomori”是人在二十八九歲時(shí)一種已成為難題的狀態(tài)。這種狀態(tài)包括把自己關(guān)在家中以及不參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)六個(gè)月或者更久。但是作為問題的主要來源，它卻并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致其它的心理問題。
late twenties ：20幾歲的晚期，也就是28、29歲
The boy cultivated himself to be a man in his late twenties.男孩在二十八九歲時(shí)把自己培養(yǎng)成了男子漢
coop up ：coup是籠子，coop up 指把。。。關(guān)起來 Coop up the Dog 把狗鎖起來
More recently, researchers have suggested six specific criteria required to "diagnose" hikikomori:
最近，研究人員為診斷“hikikomori”提出六種特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建議：
1. Spending most of the day and nearly every day confined to home
1.幾乎每天的大部分時(shí)間都關(guān)在家里
2. Marked and persistent avoidance of social situations
2.明顯表現(xiàn)出持久躲避與社會(huì)交際的情境
3. Symptoms interfering significantly with the person’s normal routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships
3.癥狀嚴(yán)重影響正常的生活作息、職業(yè)上或者學(xué)術(shù)上的正常運(yùn)作、社會(huì)活動(dòng)或社交關(guān)系
4. Perceiving the withdrawal as ego-syntonic
4.認(rèn)為這種退縮方式屬于自我認(rèn)可
5. Duration at least six months
5.持續(xù)時(shí)間不少于六個(gè)月
6. No other mental disorder that accounts for the social withdrawal and avoidance.
6.沒有其他的精神疾病致使這種退隱和躲避行為
While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for years or even decades. Often hikikomori start out as school refusals, or futoko in Japanese. The Ministry of Health estimates that about 3,600,000 hikikomori live in Japan,about one third of whom are aged 30 and older.
雖然這種現(xiàn)象的程度因人而異。但是在一些極端的情況下，一些人隔離自己長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年，甚至幾十年。通常，“隱蔽青年”始于那些被學(xué)校拒絕接收的人（日語：futoko）。衛(wèi)生部估計(jì)，日本大約有360萬的“隱蔽青年”，占了30歲和30歲以上人口的1/3/
While hikikomori favor indoor activities, some venture outdoors on occasion. The withdrawal from society usually starts gradually. Affected people may appear unhappy, lose their friends, become insecure, shy, and talk less.
雖然“隱蔽青年”喜歡室內(nèi)活動(dòng)，但偶爾也有外出的時(shí)候。這種退離社會(huì)往往是一步步開始的。受印象的人可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不開心，失去朋友，變得沒有安全感、害羞和寡言少語。
補(bǔ)充：轉(zhuǎn)換法
指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標(biāo)語的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對(duì)原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞；把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面，把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語；把謂語變成主語、定語、表語；把定語變成狀語、主語；把賓語變成主語。在句型方面，把并列句變成復(fù)合句，把復(fù)合句變成并列句，把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面，可以把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)。
如：
（1）我們學(xué)院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞)
（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
孩子們看電視過多會(huì)大大地?fù)p壞視力。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞)
（3）由于我們實(shí)行了改革開放政策，我國(guó)的綜合國(guó)力有了明顯的增強(qiáng)。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
（4）I’m all for you opinion.
我完全贊成你的意見。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞）
（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
改革開放政策受到了全中國(guó)人民的擁護(hù)。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）
（6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.
作者在文章中，對(duì)人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評(píng)。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）
（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些歐洲國(guó)家里，人民享受最廣泛的社會(huì)福利，如醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)等。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動(dòng)語態(tài)）
（8）時(shí)間不早了，我們回去吧！
We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型轉(zhuǎn)換)
（9）學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞)
