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Learn in Your Sleep？
在睡眠中學(xué)習(xí)？
It sounds like every student's dream: research published today in Nature Neuroscience shows that we can learn entirely new information while we snooze.
今天出版的《自然神經(jīng)科學(xué)》雜志中的研究表明：人們在小睡的時候也可以學(xué)習(xí)全新的知識。這聽起來就像是每個學(xué)生的夢想。
snooze：(尤指在白天的) 小睡 eg：I lay down on the bed with my shoes off to have a snooze.我脫了鞋，躺在床上打個盹兒。
Researchers repeatedly exposed the sleeping participants to pleasant odours, such as deodorant and shampoo, and unpleasant odours such as rotting fish and meat, and played a specific sound to accompany each scent.
研究人員多次把處于睡眠中的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象置于像有除臭劑和洗發(fā)水這類有芬芳?xì)馕渡l(fā)的，以及像有魚肉腐爛異味的地方，并且搭配每一種氣味播放一種特定的聲音。
odour：An odour is a particular and distinctive smell. 獨(dú)特氣味 eg：...the lingering odour of car exhaust. …揮之不去的汽車尾氣的獨(dú)特氣味。
注：In the United Kingdom, odour refers to scents in general. In the United States, odor has a more negative connotation, such as smell, stench or stink, while scent or aroma are used for pleasant smells.
It is well known that sleep has an important role in strengthening existing memories, and this conditioning was already known to alter sniffing behaviour in people who are awake. The subjects sniff strongly when they hear a tone associated with a pleasant smell, but only weakly in response to a tone associated with an unpleasant one.
眾所周知，睡眠對于加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)有的記憶十分重要。人們已經(jīng)知道，這種條件作用會改變?nèi)嗽谇逍褷顟B(tài)下的嗅探行為。實(shí)驗(yàn)對象在聽聞到一種與宜人氣味相結(jié)合的音調(diào)時會猛烈地吸氣，而只有在聽聞到搭配難聞氣味的音調(diào)時會有微弱的回應(yīng)。
but only [強(qiáng)化版]但是；但僅僅 I still wear it sometimes, but only at sea.我現(xiàn)在有時還會穿，不過僅僅是在出海時。
But the latest research shows that the sleep conditioning persists even after they wake up, causing them to sniff strongly or weakly on hearing the relevant tone — even if there was no odour. The participants were completely unaware that they had learned the relationship between smells and sounds. The effect was seen regardless of when the conditioning was done during the sleep cycle. However, the sniffing responses were slightly more pronounced in those participants who learned the association during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, which typically occurs during the second half of a night's sleep.
但是最新的研究成果表明：睡眠調(diào)節(jié)作用甚至在人們醒來后會持續(xù)起作用，使人們一聽到相關(guān)的音調(diào)，即便那兒沒有任何的氣味，也能猛烈地或是微弱地吸氣。實(shí)驗(yàn)對象完全沒意識到他們已經(jīng)領(lǐng)悟了氣味與聲音之間的關(guān)系。在睡眠周期中的這種調(diào)節(jié)作用無論何時發(fā)生都會導(dǎo)致這種結(jié)果。然而，在“快速眼動”階段（一般發(fā)生在睡眠期間的下半夜）懂得這種關(guān)聯(lián)性的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象對吸氣作出的反應(yīng)更為明顯。
sleep cycle：睡眠周期 快速動眼期（Rapid Eye Movement，REM）
In 2009, Tristan Bekinschtein, a neuroscientist at the UK Medical Research Council's Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, and his colleagues reported that some patients who are minimally conscious or in a vegetative state can be classically conditioned to blink in response to air puffed into their eyes. Conditioned responses such as these could eventually help clinicians to diagnose these neurological conditions, and to predict which patients might subsequently recover. “It remains to be seen if the neural networks involved in sleep learning are similar to the ones recruited during wakefulness,” says Bekinschtein.
2009年，劍橋英國醫(yī)學(xué)研究理事會認(rèn)知和大腦科學(xué)小組中的一名神經(jīng)科學(xué)家特里斯坦?貝金斯坦（Tristan Bekinschtein）和他的同事報告說，一些幾乎沒有意識或是處于植物人狀態(tài)的病人在受過傳統(tǒng)技能訓(xùn)練后，能夠在空氣吹入眼睛時作出眨眼睛的反應(yīng)。像這些條件反應(yīng)最終能夠幫助臨床醫(yī)生診斷這些神經(jīng)學(xué)上的反應(yīng)，并且?guī)椭麄冾A(yù)測哪些病人會復(fù)原。貝金斯坦說：“參與睡眠學(xué)習(xí)的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是否與清醒狀態(tài)時是否相似還有待觀察，”。
UK Medical Research Council 英國醫(yī)學(xué)研究理事會 clinician：臨床醫(yī)生 A clinician is a doctor who specializes in clinical work.
in a vegetative state：If someone is in a vegetative state, they are unable to move, think, or speak, and their condition is not likely to improve. 植物人（狀態(tài)）的
The findings might also be useful , and could lead to 'sleep therapies' that help to alter behaviour in conditions such as phobia.
這些發(fā)現(xiàn)或許是有用的，并形成幫助改變?nèi)缈謶职Y等疾病行為的“睡眠療法”。
補(bǔ)充：增譯法
根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或"There be…"結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補(bǔ)出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補(bǔ)連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整。總之，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。
如：
（1）What about calling him right away?
馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何？ （增譯主語和謂語）
（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實(shí)現(xiàn)該有多好啊！（增譯主句）
（3） Indeed, the reverse is true
實(shí)際情況恰好相反。（增譯名詞）
（4）就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增譯物主代詞）
（5）只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增譯連詞）
（6）這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點(diǎn)。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增譯介詞）
（7）在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國反對以大欺小、以強(qiáng)凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增譯暗含詞語）
（8）三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增譯注釋性詞語）
