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Before the Qin Dynasty (221-207BC), traditional values from the Zhou Dynasty gradually collapsed, with different regimes and different thoughts flourishing throughout China. According to official records of the Han Dynasty, there are as many as 189 differentschools of thoughts at the time, making that period the pinnacle of Chinese philosophy. Scholars in the Han Dynasty summed up the pre-Qin philosophy in "nine genres and 10 schools."
秦（公元前221—207）以前，周朝以來的傳統價值觀逐漸崩潰，思想界呈現百家爭鳴的局面。根據漢代官方記載，當時各種思想流派多達189種，是中國哲學的一個巔峰時期。漢代學者將先秦哲學總結為“九流十家”（小編注：十家即：儒、道、陰陽、法、名、墨、縱橫、雜、農、小說家；十家中小說家屬于藝文，除去不算，稱為九流。）
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), the notion that "heaven is dead"prevailed; Confucian moral concepts and values waned; and, society experienced majorturbulence. Philosophers at the time used metaphysical discussions on the interrelation between Confucianism and Taoism to explain a number of important topics like the relationship between Confucianism and nature. Theoretical hypotheses wereunprecedented during this time.
東漢末年（公元25—220），“上帝已死”的思想（小編注：“上帝之死”是德國哲學家尼采的著名思想。指上帝已經無法成為人類社會道德標準與終極目的。此處用來比喻東漢末年人們已不再篤信傳統價值觀，信仰體系的底線被突破。）盛行；儒家傳統價值觀逐漸消解；社會急劇動蕩。當時的哲學家們通過研究形而上學，討論儒家思想與道家思想的關聯，并以此來解釋諸如儒家思想與自然的關系等很多重要問題。理論假設的思維方法在這個時期第一次出現了。
From the Tang to the Song Dynasty (960-1279), traditional values suffered from disorder as the Han people blended with other ethnic groups. The contradictions between foreign and indigenous cultures, and official and folk cultures, were more glaring than ever. Facing the contradiction, the Confucian school of idealist philosophers endeavoredto reestablish a spiritual world for the people in the Song Dynasty, with their efforts to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
唐宋時期，漢人和其他少數民族的融合，引起傳統價值觀的又一次瓦解。本土文化與外來文化、官方文化和民間文化之間的沖突比以往任何時候都更激烈。面對這種沖突與矛盾，唯心主義哲學家中的儒派為重建人們的精神家園而努力，從而形成了新儒家思想，佛家思想和道家思想。
