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They consider their obligations to others.
他們會考慮自己對他人的義務。
As a result, they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could lose.
因此，他們會變得更加焦慮，試圖避開會失敗的狀況。
Now that I have talked about the two focuses and how they affect people,
既然這兩種焦點以及它們對人們的影響我都講過了，
I want to look at the idea that the way leaders behave or their style of leading, can affect the focus that followers adopt in a specific situation.
那么我現在想要看看另一個想法——領導者的行為方式，或者說他們的領導風格會影響下屬在具體狀況下采取的焦點。
In talking about leadership, we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.
在討論領導能力的時候，我們經常會提到變革型領導者和維持型領導者。
Transformational leaders when interacting with their followers focus on their development.
變革型領導者在與下屬交往時會關注他們的發展。
In their words and actions transformational leaders highlight change.
變革型領導者會用他們的語言和動作來突出變化。
Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.
他們的演講充滿激情，并傳達了明確的愿景。
All of these things can encourage followers to think about what could be.
所有這些都會鼓勵他們的下屬去考慮可能會發生的事情。
In other words, they inspire a promotion focus in their followers.
換句話說，他們會啟發下屬產生提升性焦點。
In contrast, transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures that tell their followers exactly what is expected of them.
與此相反，維持型領導者更關注發展出清晰的組織結構來明確地告訴下屬他們應該怎么做。
While they do explain the rewards people will get for following orders,
雖然他們也會說明下屬遵從命令能夠獲得的獎勵，
they emphasise more how a follower will be punished or that a follower won't get rewarded if his or her behaviour doesn't change.
但他們更強調下屬會得到的懲罰，或者說如果一個下屬不改變他們的行為方式的話，就無法得到獎勵。
In short, they emphasise the consequences of making a mistake.
簡單來說就是，他們更強調犯錯的后果。
This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on avoiding punishment and problems.
這種重點會清晰地引導下屬把注意力集中在避免懲罰和麻煩上，
This is clearly a prevention focus.
而這明顯就是預防性焦點。
