評論
打印
SKULL FRACTURE
顱骨骨折
With the wide availability of CT scans, skull X-rays are rarely taken to diagnose head injury.
隨著各類CT掃描的不斷應用，醫生很少通過顱骨X光射線診斷腦損傷。
If a head injury exists, the health care practitioner will feel or palpate the scalp and skull to determine if there may be a skull fracture.
若真的存在，醫務人員可以察覺，或通過觸摸頭皮和顱骨來確診顱骨骨折。
A nervous system exam may be done assessing brain function.
通過神經系統檢測判斷大腦機能。
Fractures of the base of the skull may cause hemotympanum (blood behind the ear drum) ,
顱底骨折將造成鼓室積血（耳膜后方積血），
Battle's sign (bruising behind the ear) , or raccoon eyes (bruising surrounding the orbits of the eyes).
巴特爾氏征（耳部后方淤血），或浣熊眼（眼框周圍瘀血）。
The skull is a flat, compact bone and it takes significant force to break it.
顱骨非常致密，且呈扁平狀，若要致顱骨骨折需要強大的作用力。
If a skull fracture exists, there is an increased likelihood of bleeding in the brain, especially in children.
若顱骨骨折，特別是兒童的腦出血可能性增加。
Minor head injury is defined as no witnessed loss of consciousness, no definite amnesia,
輕度腦損傷包括意識喪失，失憶癥或定向力障礙，
and no witnessed disorientation in patients with a GCS (Glasgow Coma Score) score of 15.
病患的格拉斯哥昏迷指數為滿分15分。
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT OF A FRACTURE?
骨折的治療方法
Initial treatments for fractures of the arms, legs, hands and feet in the field include splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation and ice.
胳臂、腿部、手部以及腳部的最初治療法包括在骨折末端實施夾板固定，抬高骨折部位以及冰敷。
Immobilization will be very helpful with initial pain control.
固定對于緩解疼痛效果顯著。
For injuries of the neck and back, many times, first responders or paramedics may choose to place the injured person on a long board
對于頸部和背部遭受多次損傷的患者，急救人員或護理人員會選擇將患者放置在長條木板上，
and in a neck collar to protect the spinal cord from potential injury.
穿戴護頸套防止脊髓受傷。
Once the fracture has been diagnosed, the initial treatment for most limb fractures is a splint.
一旦確診骨折，多數肢體骨折的最初診療措施都是固定。
Padded pieces of plaster or fiberglass are placed over the injured limb and wrapped with gauze and an elastic wrap to immobilize the break.
將石膏或玻璃纖維放置在患處，用織布和彈性繃帶固定。
The joints above and below the injury are immobilized to prevent movement at the fracture site.
患處上下關節將被固定，以免造成骨折處移動。
This initial splint does not go completely around the limb.
肢體不會被夾板完全固定。
After a few days, the splint is removed and replaced by a circumferential cast.
幾天后，醫生將移除夾板，用環形石膏代替。
Circumferential casting does not occur initially because fractures swell (edema).
由于骨折處會出現水腫，所以不會提前使用環形石膏。
This swelling could cause a build up of pressure under the cast, yielding increased pain and the potential for damage to the tissues under the cast.
石膏下部會因水腫產生壓力，增加疼痛感，下部組織也有損傷危險。
However, if the fracture required reduction (putting the bones back into alignment) there might be a need for circumferential cast to keep the ones in place.
若骨折處需要復位，那么就需要環形石膏復位。
譯文屬可可英語原創，未經允許，不得轉載。
