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4.Judges
4.法官
All federal judges are appointed by the President and must be approved by the Senate.
聯邦法官由總統任命并經參議院批準產生。
Appointment to the federal bench is a lifetime appointment, based largely on the theory
聯邦法院的任職是終身的，這樣做的理論根據在很大程度上是：
that such appointment assists in creating a judiciary that are most likely to render decisions on the merits,
這樣的任命可以有助于法官公正裁決，
without fear of personal repercussions from the political process.
而不必擔心由于政治原因而被辭退。
In the state court system, however, judges at all levels can be either appointed or elected depending upon the procedure established in the particular state,
然而，在州法院體制中，各級法官依特定州的程序規定經任命或經選舉產生,
and the terms which judges serve are of varying lengths.
任期長短也是不一致的。
All judges, whether federal or state, are required to comply with canons of judicial ethics.
所有法官，無論是聯邦法官或是州法官，都必須遵守司法道德準則。
The judicial canons define appropriate and inappropriate behavior for a judge,
司法道德準則規定了法官應該做和不應該做的行為,
and set forth the situations in which judges must disqualify themselves from a particular proceeding.
并規定了法官在案件審理中應回避的情況。
