評論
打印
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
馬斯洛的需求層次理論
Joseph T. Straub and Raymond F. Attner
約瑟夫·T.斯特勞布和雷蒙德·F.埃特納
A tool managers can apply to understand human needs was developed by Abraham H. Maslow in his book Motivation and Personality. Maslow developed a five-level sequence, or hierarchy, of human needs, which is shown in Figure 6-1. A major point of this hierarchy is that each need level must be generally satisfied before the person attempts to fill those needs on the next level. The first two needs are considered primary, or lower-order needs; the remaining three are secondary, or higher-order needs. Let's discuss each of these levels.
管理者們可以在亞伯拉罕·H.馬斯洛所著的《動機與個性》一書中找到一種方法來了解人的需求。馬斯洛在書中把人類的需求分為五個等級或者是階段（如圖6-1）。這種等級理論的主要觀點是說人在試圖滿足更高級別的需求之前必須要滿足較低級別的需求。前面兩種需求是最基本的、較低層次的需求，剩下的三種是第二階段的，較高層次的需求。下面我將在文章中逐層討論。
Physiological need is the fundamental need for food, clothing, and shelter. People must be able to satisfy this need before they acknowledge any of the higher ones. Someone who faces death by starvation or exposure may resort to murder or cannibalism to meet fundamental, life-sustaining needs, despite waht society might think. Work satisfies these needs if an employer pays wages or salaries that allow employees to buy the simple necessities.
生理需求：這是最基本吃、穿、住的需求。人們必須在有能力滿足生理需求的基礎上才能追求更高層次的需求。當一個人由于饑餓或寒冷而面臨死亡時，他就可能會采取謀殺或嗜食同類的方式來滿足最基本的維系生命的需求，不管社會是否認同。如果雇主發的工資可以讓雇員購買簡單的生活用品的話，那么這份工作就滿足了這些需求。
The safety and security need is the need to avoid bodily harm and uncertainty about one's well-being. People become conscious of this need after they fulfill the first one. This kind of need satisfaction would come from tenure for a college professor, a union contract defining policies and procedures for layoff for a steelworker, or insurance and retirement programs for employees.
安全需求：指避免身體傷害以及幸福生活中的不確定因素的需求。只有在第一層次需求得到滿足以后，人們才會意識到這一層次的需求。對于大學教授來說，這種需求的滿足可能源自得到的終身職位的任期；對于一名鋼鐵工人來說，這種需求的滿足可能源自工會所制訂的關于下崗諸多事宜的政策；而對于雇員來講，這種需求的滿足則來自于其所依賴的退休養老保險。
