二、句子
單詞有了一定保證后,能力提高的中心就應當從單詞轉向句子。因為在一篇文章里,句子才是真正的基本單位。如何理解長句難句又是考生的一大困境。一般說來,只要考生經常接觸長難句,增強語感,掌握一定的語法知識,都是有助于考生提高理解力的。但這種泛泛的方法對考生并沒有實質性的幫助,只有分析長難句的構成特點和理解方法才真正有用。綜合歷年四級閱讀的長難句,我們可以發現,有兩類長難句經常出現:一是主謂分離型;一是環環相扣型。
(1)主謂分離型:
1997年1 月份第三篇文章第三段首句:Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. 很多學生認為該句子的謂語是make,很顯然他們不習慣主謂分離的句子結構。分析四級閱讀主謂分離的長難句后,我們不難發現這類句子開始的名詞一般就是主語,這是理解句子的突破點(這個規律并不絕對,但在四級閱讀中比較明顯)。按此方法,上面這個句子的主語是單數形式的any attempt ,謂語便是leads to而不可能是make了。
又如,經常有同學問1995年6 月份考試中下面這個句子怎么理解:Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards , that is to say , of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in the high blocks of flats. 該句子的理解關鍵還在于句子主干的確定。我們發現句子的開頭是Britain 這個名詞,而后面并沒有緊跟的謂語動詞,在四級閱讀中這是一個很明顯的主謂分離的現象。根據上面的方法,我們可以初步確定Britain 是主語,這樣句子的理解就不難了。
(2)環環相扣型:
我們先看1993年6 月份四級閱讀的一個句子:At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. 該句子相對較長,理解的時候關鍵是要注意到句子中包含兩個定語從句,即“who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account”是用來限定a primary nurse ,而“that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state”
是限定a full-scale health account 的。這里一環扣著一環,使句子變得比較長,這正是環環相扣型句子的特點。理解這樣的句子時,一定要有分層的思想,即把長句分割為幾個部分分別理解。
再看2002年6 月份四級閱讀出現的一個長難句:Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 文章后面根據該句子設計了兩個題目,所以考生必須要理解這句話。但是由于句子較長,很多同學并不能較好理解該句子。
但如果借用分層思想,把句子進行分割解剖,這句話就可以分為以下四個簡單的部分:①Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world;②just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war;③as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system;④built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.這樣后面的題目也就迎刃而解了。