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And the smartest thing we could do in this research is you know go try and find new ways to call culture.
在這項研究中，我們能做的最聰明的事，就是去嘗試尋找新方法培養細菌。
Thousands and thousands of new microorganisms and find out their genetic code and find out what's there,
有成千上萬的新微生物，找出它們的基因密碼，找出其中所含的物質，
it's going to revolutionize virtually everything we do.
將徹底改變我們所做的一切。
Yellowstone National Park is one of the richest places on earth for all microbial life.
黃石國家公園是地球上微生物最豐富的地方之一。
Bacteria thrive in the extreme conditions found in the pools.
細菌在水塘中的極端條件下生長旺盛。
Tourists see the spectacular scenery.
游客們看到了壯觀的景色。
Researchers come to understand how life can survive under these conditions.
研究人員開始了解在這些條件下，生命是如何生存的。
Many of the organisms that live in this put in these pools have to eat so those are called heterotrophs.
許多生活在這個水塘里的有機體必須進食，所以它們被稱為異養生物。
So they have to consume things in their environment.
所以它們不得不食用環境中的食物。
And in order for a microbe to consume something in its environment, it has to make an enzyme that can break that particular item down.
為了讓微生物在其環境中食用某些東西，必須制造一種可以分解特定的物質的酶。
Well, if we see a piece of wood and in this hot pool and we pull it out.
如果我們看到一塊木頭，在這個熱水塘里，把它拿出來。
We see that the outside of that piece of wood is reached quietly.
我們會看見到達了那塊木頭外層。
You automatically ask the question how did that happen.
你會自然而然地問，這是怎么發生的。
So when we look at the microbes associated with that would studies have shown that these microbes have that capacity,
因此，當我們觀察與之相關的微生物時，研究發現這些微生物具有這種能力，
because we've cloned the genes from these organisms that encode those particular enzymes.
因為我們已經從這些生物體中克隆了編碼這些特定酶的基因。
And have found that in fact they are adapted to breaking down these wood fibers under these extreme conditions.
研究人員發現，事實上，在這些極端條件下，它們能夠分解這些木纖維。
By cloning the genes that produce whitening enzymes, they can turn it out in quantity.
通過克隆產生增白酶的基因，能夠大量生成。
That means paper companies can use bacterial enzymes to whiten paper and lessen the need for chlorine.
這意味著造紙公司能使用細菌酶來漂白紙張，減少對氯的需求。
It's good for the environment and it's big business.
這對環境有好處，這是筆大生意。
Enzyme production is a 11 and half billion dollar a year industry.
生產酶是一個年產值115億美元的產業。
Most antibiotics come from bacteria living in the soil.
大多數抗生素來自土壤中的細菌。
As the search for new antibiotics continues scientists are learning just how little we know about the microbial life beneath our feet.
隨著對新抗生素的不斷探索，科學家們了解到我們對腳下的微生物生命知之甚少。
To microbiologist, the earth is the richest source of new biology that there is
對微生物學家來說，地球是新生物最豐富的來源，
because there's far more that we haven't studied than that we have already discovered.
因為我們尚未研究的生物比已經發現的要多得多。
In teaspoon full of soil there are at least a billion bacteria that we can grow in culture, but there are many more bacteria.
在裝滿一茶匙的土壤中，至少能培養出十億種細菌，但還有更多的細菌。
Perhaps a hundred times as many that can't grow on our culture media.
也許是我們培養介質上無法生長的生物的100倍。
And in fact we've probably been studying only a tiny portion of the organisms that actually live in soil
事實上，我們可能只研究了生活在土壤中的有機體的一小部分，
based on their ability to grow on our Petri plates.
基于它們在培養皿上生長的能力。
