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Simple test will detect h pylori and antibiotic treatment can begin.
簡單的檢查可以檢測出幽門螺桿菌，然后可以開始使用抗生素治療。
I think it's an incredible discovery.
我覺得這是個不可思議的發現。
I mean that we've actually been able to come so far.
我的意思是我們已經走了這么遠。
And where we are with ulcer disease because for so long it was thought that you needed to get rid of the acid.
對于治療潰瘍病，人們長期以來都認為需要去除胃酸。
So the surgery was taking out the acid part of the stomach making it, so that the acid decreased.
所以手術是把胃酸的一部分去掉，減少胃酸。
And also taking out that area where the ulcer is formed primarily.
同時切除潰瘍形成的主要部位。
But now we know that it's just a bacterial disease and all you have to do is just take a seven day or ten day course of antibiotics and so that's great.
但現在，我們知道這只是一種細菌性疾病，只需服用7天或10天的抗生素，真不錯。
If even one of these diseases proves to be caused by bacteria and thus goes from the incurable
如果這些疾病中有一種被證明是由細菌引起，導致了無法治愈的疾病，
or the where the cure is a very radical and unacceptable to many patients.
或者說治療方法非常激進，很多病人無法接受。
Take it off that list and put it on the list of diseases that can be readily cured by antibiotics that would be a major contribution.
把它列入抗生素可以輕易治愈的疾病名單上，這將是一個重要貢獻。
This is the Institute for genomic research or TIGR.
這是基因組研究所。
Here they pull out a bacterium's genetic blueprint, its DNA.
研究人員提取出一種細菌的基因藍圖，即其DNA。
And break it into chunks that a supercomputer pieces together.
然后把它分成塊，用一臺超級計算機把它們拼湊在一起。
If the whole DNA is the book describing a bacterium, the genes are the pages.
如果整個DNA是描述細菌的書，那么基因就是書頁。
The computers put the pages in the right order.
計算機把書頁按正確的順序排列。
Once the genetic blueprints of microorganisms are completed, the functions of the genes are studied.
一旦完成了微生物的基因藍圖，就可以研究這些基因的功能。
As researchers understand which genes are responsible for growth or disease, they can be manipulated for many purposes.
隨著研究人員了解哪些基因對生長或疾病起作用后，就可以被用于多種用途。
And it's given us insight into a much larger question.
這讓我們洞悉了一個更大的問題。
We'd like to think that we're highly evolved and therefore our chromosomes are probably highly evolved.
我們認為我們是高度進化的，因此染色體可能也是高度進化。
And bacteria are primitive well in fact the opposite is true.
細菌是原始的，而事實上恰恰相反。
The bacterial chromosomes are very highly evolved if you think of organisms that replicate every minutes to an hour.
如果你想想那些在一分鐘到一小時內進行復制的有機體，細菌染色體的進化程度是非常高的。
And they've been doing that for billions of years.
它們數十億年來都是這么做的。
They've gotten very efficient if everything they do.
它們所做的每件事都很高效。
So that there's no wasted letters and their alphabet and essentially their wall-to-wall genes for all practical purposes.
這樣就不會有任何浪費，基本上它們的基因就可以實現所有的實際用途了。
Understanding the genes of microorganisms also opens up thousands of new targets for antibiotics, vaccines and industrial applications.
了解微生物的基因也為抗生素、疫苗和工業應用開辟了數千個新的靶點。
It's amazing the diversity that's out there we know a tiny fraction of 1% of what's out there.
令人驚訝的是，我們對其多樣性只是知之甚少。
