The precautions the campaigns are taking now tend to address yesterday's problems, such as the DNC hack that was ultimately so damaging to the Clinton campaign in 2016. The worry of intelligence and security experts is what the Russians are likely to do in 2020 that somehow was either overlooked in the aftermath of the last two elections or comes out of the blue. "We recognize that our adversaries are going to keep adapting and upping their game," the FBI's Wray said to the Council on Foreign Relations in April.
競(jìng)選團(tuán)隊(duì)目前采取的防范措施，往往是為了解決昨日的問題，比如民主黨全國(guó)委員會(huì)遭到黑客攻擊，最終對(duì)希拉里2016年的競(jìng)選造成了如此嚴(yán)重的損害。情報(bào)和安全專家擔(dān)心的是，俄羅斯人在2020年可能會(huì)采取的行動(dòng)，這在上兩次選舉之后被忽視了，或者是出乎意料。“我們認(rèn)識(shí)到，我們的對(duì)手將不斷調(diào)整和提高他們的策略，”美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的雷今年4月對(duì)美國(guó)外交關(guān)系委員會(huì)表示。
To understand how Russia plans to undermine Americans' faith in the U.S. democratic system, cyber-security experts and campaign officials are digging through the aftermath of the elections of 2016 and 2018 for clues. There's a lot to worry about.
為了了解俄羅斯計(jì)劃如何破壞美國(guó)人對(duì)美國(guó)民主制度的信心，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全專家和競(jìng)選官員正在梳理2016年和2018年大選的余局，尋找線索。有很多事要擔(dān)心。
The Propaganda War
宣傳戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
Shortly before the 2016 election, University of Washington researcher Kate Starbird began studying the online conversations of the #BlackLivesMatter movement. She and her team followed some of the most active Twitter accounts and tracked the influence of their tweets.
2016年大選前不久，華盛頓大學(xué)研究員凱特·斯塔伯德開始研究“黑人生活很重要”運(yùn)動(dòng)的在線對(duì)話。她和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)跟蹤了一些最活躍的Twitter賬戶，并跟蹤了他們的推文的影響力。
Starbird, who studies human-computer interaction, was primarily struck by how toxic much of the content was—and how vitriolic and polarized the debate had become, with some advocating violence and others using racist language. Then, just a few weeks after the team published its first paper on the topic in October 2017, representatives of Facebook admitted to congressional investigators that they had traced ad sales totaling more than $100,000 to a shadowy Russian company known as Russia's Internet Research Agency (IRA), with a history of pushing pro-Kremlin propaganda. The US Intelligence community had already concluded that Russia paid social media trolls to spread fake news and influence public opinion. The ads had focused on politically divisive issues such as gun rights, immigration, and racial discrimination.
斯塔伯德研究人機(jī)交互，主要被這些內(nèi)容的毒性所震驚，以及辯論變得如此尖刻和兩極分化，一些人提倡暴力，另一些人使用種族主義語言。然后,幾周后團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)主題的第一篇論文發(fā)表在2017年10月，F(xiàn)acebook的代表向國(guó)會(huì)調(diào)查人員承認(rèn),他們追蹤廣告銷售總額超過100000美元到一個(gè)神秘的俄羅斯公司，名為俄羅斯互聯(lián)網(wǎng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)，曾推動(dòng)親克里姆林宮的宣傳。美國(guó)情報(bào)部門已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論，俄羅斯付錢給社交媒體噴子，傳播假新聞，影響公眾輿論。這些廣告集中在槍支權(quán)利、移民和種族歧視等政治分歧問題上。
The news got Starbird and her team wondering if any of the trolls engaged in any of the conversations she had studied. In November, when the House Intelligence Committee released a list of accounts given them by Twitter associated with IRA, Starbird and her team decided to take a look and see if they recognized anyone. They were stunned by what they discovered. Dozens of the accounts in the list appeared in their data—some among the most retweeted. IRA accounts were also masquerading as genuine #BlackLivesMatter and #BlueLivesMatter activists.
這個(gè)消息讓斯塔伯德和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)岩墒欠裼芯W(wǎng)絡(luò)噴子參與了她研究過的任何對(duì)話。去年11月，當(dāng)眾議院情報(bào)委員會(huì)公布了一份由Twitter提供的與IRA有關(guān)的賬戶清單時(shí)，斯塔伯德和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)決定查看一下，看看他們是不是認(rèn)出了什么人。他們被發(fā)現(xiàn)驚呆了。名單上的許多賬戶都出現(xiàn)在他們的數(shù)據(jù)中，其中一些屬于轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)最多的賬戶。IRA賬戶也偽裝成真實(shí)的“黑人生活很重要”和“藍(lán)色生命很重要”活動(dòng)人士。
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