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This is me building a prototype for six hours straight. This is slave labor to my own project.
這是我正在做一個模型，足足花了6個小時。完全是苦力活。
This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like.
這就是所謂的自己動手做和自造者運動。
And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world with brute-force assembly techniques.
這也是今日全球建筑和制造業的縮影：到處可見費盡蠻力的組裝技術。
And this is exactly why I started studying how to program physical materials to build themselves.
這也是我為什么開始研究如何讓物理材料根據特定程序來組裝自己。
But there is another world. Today at the micro- and nanoscales, there's an unprecedented revolution happening.
但是，還有另外一個世界。如今在微觀納米級上，正在發生一場空前的革命。
And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials to change shape, change properties and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.
這就是通過編程使物理和生物材料改變形狀、改變屬性的能力，它的應用范圍甚至超過了硅基物質。
There's even a software called cadnano that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes like nano robots or drug delivery systems
甚至已經有了一個叫cadnano的軟件，我們可以用它來設計各種三維物體，比如納米機器人或者藥物傳輸系統，
and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
以及利用DNA自我組裝各種功能結構。
But if we look at the human scale, there's massive problems that aren't being addressed by those nanoscale technologies.
但是，如果我們再看宏觀的人類社會生活，還有很多問題沒有被這些納米級技術解決。
If we look at construction and manufacturing, there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption and excessive labor techniques.
如果我們看看建筑業和制造業，有很多效率嚴重低下的地方，比如能源消耗和過多的人工技能需求。
In infrastructure, let's just take one example.
在基礎設施方面，我們舉個例子。
Take piping. In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves.
比如說鋪設管道。水管，我們的水管都是固定容積，固定流量的，除了昂貴的水泵和水閥以外。
We bury them in the ground. If anything changes -- if the environment changes, the ground moves, or demand changes -- we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.
我們把它們埋在地底下。如果有任何變動——比如環境變化，地基移動或者需求改變——我們就得從頭再來，把它們挖出來再換新的。
