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There's an illusion that's become a kind of pet experiment
有一種錯覺已經成為實驗的寵兒
that's used all over the world by psychologists who like spooking people.
世界各地喜歡嚇唬人的心理學家都做過這個實驗。
Here's how it goes:
實驗是這樣的：
You sit at a table and hide one hand behind a divider, with a blanket draped over your shoulder.
你坐在桌子旁，一只手藏在隔板后面，肩上披著一條毯子。
There's a fake hand on the table,
桌子上放只假手，
and the experimenter arranges it so the fake hand's wrist looks like it's connected to you.
實驗人員做出安排讓假手手腕看起來好像是你的。
Then, you watch the fake hand as the experimenter strokes both your hidden,
然后，實驗者以同樣的方式撫摸隱藏的手（真手）
real hand and the fake hand in exactly the same way.
和假手，你看著假手，
After a few seconds, you start to get the sense that the fake hand is actually your own.
幾秒鐘后，你開始有種假手才是你的手的感覺
That's when the experimenter grabs a hammer and whacks the fake hand with it,
此時，實驗人員拿起錘子敲打假手，
which makes you recoil in panic.
這會讓你恐慌，不自覺地退縮。
And yeah, it's kind of mean, but this illusion has actually turned out to be super useful.
是的，這有點殘忍，但這個錯覺實際上非常有用，
It's helping programmers create better virtual realities,
它可以幫助程序員創造更好的虛擬現實，
and it's also being used in medical treatments.
該錯覺也用于醫學治療，
The trick is called the rubber hand illusion,
我們稱之為橡膠手錯覺，
and it was first published by a group of researchers back in 1998,
于1998年首次由一組研究人員發表，
when they discovered that if your real hand is hidden,
他們發現，如果真手藏了起來，
you can convince your brain to adopt a fake hand as your own.
你可以說服大腦把假手當成自己的手。
And there's a good reason why your brain just misplaces a part of your body
這就是為什么你的大腦會將
you've known and loved your entire life.
你所知并一生愛著的部分身體放錯地方的原因。
It has to do with multisensory integration:
這與多感官整合有關：
when your brain takes information from all of your senses and puts it together to create one cohesive picture of the world.
大腦將所有感官信息組合在一起，創造一個有凝聚力的世界圖景。
Usually, your brain can do this really well, and your perceptions are pretty accurate.
通常情況下，大腦在這方面會做的很好，你的感知也相當準確。
Sometimes, though, the process can go wrong,
但有時候，這個過程可能會出錯，
because your brain trusts certain kinds of sensory input more than others when it's building that big picture.
因為大腦在構建世界圖景時會相信某些感官的輸入。
In this case, it gives more weight to what you're seeing with your eyes and feeling with your skin.
在這種情況下，大腦更加注重視覺和觸覺。
So you see the fake hand in the spot where your real hand should be, looking like ...
所以，你看著位置上的假手（本來應該放置真手），看起來像
... well, a hand, and you feel touches that match what you see happening to the fake hand.
…好吧，是手，感知著你從假手上看到的相同觸覺。
Your brain trusts that more than your proprioception—the sense telling you where your hand actually is in space.
你的大腦相信的不僅僅是你的本體感覺——手在空間中的實際位置，
So it just corrects your proprioception to match what it thinks is the most accurate version of what's happening.
它只是在糾正你的本體感覺以匹配大腦對正在發生的事情最準確的描述
That's why you feel like the fake hand is yours, even though you know it's not real, and you react to the hammer.
這就是為什么你覺得那只假手是你的，即使你知道那不是你的手，也會對錘子做出反應。
But the rubber hand illusion is useful for more than just scaring people.
但是橡膠手的錯覺不僅僅嚇唬人有用。
Researchers can also use it to make virtual reality, or VR, seem more realistic.
研究人員還可以利用它來讓虛擬現實更加真實。
In a 2010 study, for example,
例如，2010年的一項研究中，
computer scientists from University College London tested
倫敦大學學院的計算機科學家們測試了
whether the rubber hand illusion would make it seem more like you'd actually stepped into a simulated world.
橡膠手錯覺是否會讓人走進虛擬世界的感覺更加真實。
They had 20 university students use VR headsets and controllers to experience different simulations.
研究人員讓20名大學生使用VR耳機和控制器來進行不同的模擬體驗。
Then, the researchers monitored their reactions to the simulations using both questionnaires
然后，使用兩份問卷來監測他們模擬時的反應，
and what's known as galvanic skin response,
這就是所謂的皮膚電反應，
which measures the intensity of your emotional responses based on how much you're sweating.
根據出汗多少來測量情緒反應的強度
They found that when the simulation included virtual arms that were in danger of being injured,
他們發現，當模擬有受傷危險的虛擬武器時，
the players' alertness spiked.
隊員們的警覺性提高了。
They were bracing their own bodies for impact, as if they were actually about to be hurt.
他們用自己的身體來抵抗沖擊，就好像他們真的要受傷一樣。
But they didn't tend to brace themselves that way when the simulation just had plain arrows instead of virtual arms.
但是當模擬僅僅有純箭頭而不是虛擬的手臂時，他們就不會那樣做了。
Since this was a small study,
因為這是一個小型研究，
there's still a whole lot we don't know about how the rubber hand illusion applies to virtual reality,
我們還不知道橡膠手的錯覺是如何應用到虛擬現實中的，
but the experiment been replicated by other researchers since then, with similar results.
但從那以后，其他研究人員也進行了同樣實驗，得到的結果相似。
Studies like this could pave the way for new techniques and hardware for more realistic simulations—
這樣的研究可以為更真實的仿真模擬做好新技術和硬件準備——
and that would be useful for more than just awesome video games.
這將不僅僅適用于電子游戲。
Realistic, immersive simulations might also help people in physical therapy,
身臨其境的仿真模擬也可能幫助患者進行物理治療，
since you can have patients try exercises in ways that would be impossible in the real world—
因為病人可以嘗試現實生活中不可能進行的鍛煉——
if you set up a simulation with less gravity, for example.
例如低重力的模擬訓練。
And a version of the rubber hand illusion is already being used in another kind of therapy, called mirror box therapy.
橡膠手錯覺已經用于另一種稱為鏡盒療法的治療當中，
It's used to treat phantom limb pain, where people feel pain from a limb that's been removed,
用其治療幻肢疼痛——切除肢體的疼痛感，
as though it's still a part of their body.
治療時好像肢體仍然是身體的一部分。
Phantom limb pain is especially hard to treat, because ... there's nothing there.
幻肢疼痛特別難以治愈，因為…沒有肢體在那兒。
Mirror box therapy uses a box with a mirror on it,
鏡盒療法通過使用帶有鏡子的盒子，
set up to reflect the patient's remaining limb in a way that makes it look like the missing limb is actually there.
來反射病人的剩余肢體，使缺失的肢體看起來并沒有缺失。
As the patient looks at the reflection,
當病人看著鏡子中的反射時，
they do stretches and exercises with their remaining limb.
用剩余的肢體做伸展運動。
Their brain reads what they're seeing in the mirror as the missing limb moving, stretching,
當缺失的肢體移動伸展時，他們的大腦會讀取鏡中的信息，
and generally being healthy, and turns off the painful alarm bells.
一般來說都是健康的，大腦痛苦的警鐘就會關閉。
Dozens of studies have tested mirror box therapy, and they've found that it does work.
鏡盒療法已經研究測試過，他們發現該療法確實有效。
So the rubber hand illusion may be a weird cognitive flaw.
所以橡膠手錯覺可能是一種不可思議的認知缺陷。
But by exploiting it, we can create some amazing virtual worlds—
但是通過該錯覺，我們可以創造神奇的虛擬世界——
and hopefully help people with rehabilitation and pain, too.
也希望能幫助病人康復，減輕疼痛。
Thanks for watching this episode of Scishow Psych,
感謝收看本集心理科學秀，
and thanks especially to our patrons on Patreon for making this show possible.
特別感謝Patreon對本節目的支持。
If you want to support this show, just go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果您想支持我們的節目，那就訪問patreon.com/scishow吧。
And don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe!
別忘了登陸youtube.com/scishowpsych訂閱我們的節目哦
