評論
打印
Hopefully, by now we all know that depression is about more than sadness.
好在現(xiàn)在我們都知道抑郁不僅僅是悲傷的情緒。
But even if your idea of depression also includes things like hopelessness or apathy,
雖然你認(rèn)為抑郁癥包括絕望或冷漠，
what about irritability or anger?
但是易怒和憤怒也屬于抑郁癥嗎?
Does depression make you think of overwhelming guilt?
抑郁癥會讓你覺得內(nèi)疚嗎?
What about memory loss? Because those are all symptoms, too.
抑郁會讓你的記憶力下降嗎？因?yàn)檫@些也屬于抑郁癥狀。
There's a lot we still don't understand about depression,
關(guān)于抑郁癥我們還有很多不了解的地方，
especially when it comes to what's happening on the cellular level.
尤其是細(xì)胞水平。
But we know that when it comes to the experience of depression,
但是我們所知道的抑郁癥，
the disorder often shows itself in the form of unhealthy psychological processes.
通常以不健康的心理形式出現(xiàn)。
It turns out that some of those thought processes— specifically, self-blame and rumination
事實(shí)證明，一些思維過程——特別是自責(zé)和沉思
— can lead to symptoms people might not realize are signs of depression.
——會導(dǎo)致抑郁癥，人們意識不到，但也屬于抑郁癥的癥狀
And that's too bad, because the result is that we misunderstand those who are suffering from it,
太糟糕了，因?yàn)槲覀儠`解抑郁癥患者，
sometimes including ourselves.
有時(shí)也包括我們自己。
Freud, wrong as he was about a lot of things, pointed out that depression was different from simple sadness
弗洛伊德指出抑郁區(qū)別于單純的悲傷，盡管他在很多事情上錯(cuò)了，
because it was associated with guilt, and today psychologists consider self-blame a key symptom of depression.
因?yàn)橐钟襞c內(nèi)疚有關(guān)，現(xiàn)今，心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為自責(zé)是抑郁癥的主要癥狀。
When something bad happens, depressed people tend to blame themselves,
當(dāng)不好的事情發(fā)生時(shí)，抑郁癥患者會責(zé)怪自己，
and see it as a reflection of their self-worth as a whole.
并把整件事看作是自我價(jià)值的反映。
An example researchers sometimes use is thinking that if you fail at a sports match,
研究人員有時(shí)使用的例子是，如果你在體育比賽中失利，
it means you're a total failure.
你會認(rèn)為自己是個(gè)徹底的失敗者。
What's weird is that this only applies to yourself —
奇怪的是，這種情況只適用于自己——
depressed people don't usually assign blame to others the same way.
抑郁的人通常不會以同樣的方式責(zé)怪別人。
Turns out the unusual amount of guilt — and only applying it to yourself —
事實(shí)證明，這種不尋常的負(fù)罪感——只適用于自己——
might come from two regions of the brain that don't activate together the way they should.
可能來自大腦的兩個(gè)區(qū)域，這兩個(gè)區(qū)域不會以應(yīng)有的方式激活。
In a 2012 study, researchers scanned the brains of 25 people who'd previously had depression and 22 people who didn't.
2012年的一項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員掃描了25名過去曾患有抑郁癥和22名沒有患抑郁癥人的大腦。
When the people who'd never been depressed read descriptions of themselves doing something wrong,
未患過抑郁癥的人讀到自己做錯(cuò)的事時(shí)，
it activated both the part of their brain associated with guilt and the part that deals with morality and what's socially appropriate.
大腦中與負(fù)罪感、道德以及社交適當(dāng)性相關(guān)的部分就會被激活。
In people who'd been depressed, that second part wasn't activated as strongly.
抑郁癥患者的第二部分沒有被強(qiáng)烈激活。
This was a small study, so we can't draw too many conclusions from it.
研究規(guī)模小，所以我們無法從中得出太多結(jié)論。
But based on the results,
但是根據(jù)研究結(jié)果，
the authors suggested that people who are more prone to depression don't get an accurate picture of what they did wrong,
作者認(rèn)為，那些有抑郁癥傾向的人對他們做錯(cuò)的事沒有一個(gè)正確的認(rèn)識
so they just feel guilty about everything.
所以他們對一切都感到內(nèi)疚。
So that's one unhealthy thought pattern that can cause symptoms beyond plain old sadness or apathy.
這是一種不健康的思維模式，抑郁癥狀不僅僅表現(xiàn)為普通的悲傷或冷漠。
Another is rumination.
還表現(xiàn)為沉思。
And it's a big one. Rumination is, basically, brooding — usually unintentionally.
這是一個(gè)大問題，沉思從根本上來說就是難以釋懷——通常是無意識的。
Part of problem-solving involves analyzing the factors surrounding the problem,
還需要分析問題產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)因素，
and that applies to negative emotional experiences, too.
這也適用于消極的情緒體驗(yàn)。
But rumination takes that way too far.
但是沉思對人們的情緒影響太大了
It's getting stuck thinking about everything that led to and resulted from a negative experience,
人們會陷入所有對消極事情原因和結(jié)果的思考，
and it's strongly linked to both depression and anxiety.
沉思與抑郁和焦慮密切相關(guān)，
It can also explain some of the less straightforward signs of depression, like memory problems.
還可以解釋一些不太明確的抑郁癥狀，比如記憶問題。
Of all the symptoms of depression, memory problems might seem the most surprising,
所有的抑郁癥狀中，記憶問題似乎是最令人訝異的，
because we tend to classify depression as emotional,
因?yàn)槲覀兺岩钟粢暈榍榫w化，
and memory as more a mechanical part of the mind.
記憶更像是大腦的一個(gè)機(jī)械部件。
But this is just a false dichotomy, that's not how the brain works.
但這只是錯(cuò)誤二分法，大腦的工作原理不是這樣。
Depressive disorders often include problems with cognitive function:
憂郁性疾患包括認(rèn)知功能障礙：
the ability to clearly understand, process, and respond to information.
理解透徹、處理和回復(fù)信息的能力。
And researchers think that has a lot to do with rumination eating up all your brainpower.
研究人員認(rèn)為，該問題與沉思反芻吞噬人的全部腦力有關(guān)。
You need cognitive resources to pay attention and remember things,
你需要認(rèn)知資源來幫助你集中注意力和記住事物，
and when people with depression are using those resources to brood,
當(dāng)抑郁癥患者利用這些資源沉思時(shí)，
they have trouble redirecting them toward the task at hand.
他們很難重新集中到手頭任務(wù)上來。
They end up struggling with episodic memory,
最終身陷情景記憶而無法自拔，
which is the recollection of specific events that happened to you, and working memory,
情景記憶是指發(fā)生在你身上特定事件的回憶以及工作記憶，
which is how you hold onto information that you're currently using to process other information.
你如何通過現(xiàn)有信息來處理其他信息
Those are both pretty important!
這些都相當(dāng)重要！
It becomes a vicious cycle, where the only way to break out of this pattern of rumination is to
它會形成惡性循環(huán)，打破這種沉思模式的唯一方法就是
redirect your mental resources toward something that might make you feel better.
將你的精神資源轉(zhuǎn)向可能讓你感覺更好的事情上。
But that's exactly what rumination makes it so much harder to do!
但這正是沉思讓這件事難以做到的地方
So people get stuck.
所以人們會陷入窘境。
Rumination can also lead to another common symptom of depression: anger and irritability,
沉思也會導(dǎo)致另一個(gè)抑郁癥常見癥狀：憤怒和易怒，
which appears in more than half of patients, although it's only used to diagnose the disorder in kids and teens.
超過一半的患者會出現(xiàn)這種癥狀，盡管這種癥狀只用來診斷兒童和青少年。
But it can be a sign of particularly severe depression.
但可能特別嚴(yán)重。
At its core, rumination is a coping strategy people use to help regulate their emotions— it's just not a very good one.
從本質(zhì)上講，沉思是人們用來幫助調(diào)節(jié)情緒的一種應(yīng)對策略——策略并不是很好。
Instead of feeling better, when people brood on something that made them angry,
當(dāng)人們對一些生氣的事情耿耿于懷的時(shí)候，
they tend to spend more time … angry.
往往花更多的時(shí)間…生氣。
We still have more to learn about how unhealthy thought patterns like self-blame and rumination contribute to depression and its symptoms.
我們還需要了解不健康的思維模式，比如自責(zé)和沉思，是如何導(dǎo)致抑郁及抑郁癥的。
But as we study them, we're discovering that they can explain a lot.
研究時(shí)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自責(zé)和沉思可以用來解釋很多東西。
And there's some good news here, too.
也有一些好消息。
Self-blame may have to do with brain regions not activating the way they should,
自責(zé)可能與大腦區(qū)域沒有以應(yīng)有的方式激活有關(guān)，
and rumination may feel like getting stuck.
而沉思可能會讓你陷入窘境。
But researchers point out that unhealthy thought patterns like these are exactly what psychotherapy is meant to help with.
但研究人員指出，心理療法治療的正式這種不健康的思維模式。
Cognitive behavioral therapy, especially, is designed to identify the connections between thought patterns and behaviors,
尤其是認(rèn)知行為療法，旨在識別思維模式和行為之間的聯(lián)系，
and reshape those thought patterns in a healthier way.
以更健康的方式重塑這些思維模式。
So yes, depression is a complicated, difficult illness.
所以，抑郁癥是一種難以治愈的復(fù)雜疾病。
But there are therapies and treatments that can help.
但是有一些療法和治療可以幫助人們擺脫抑郁癥。
And recognizing the different ways depression manifests itself is an important step toward getting that help and doing this research.
認(rèn)識到抑郁的不同表現(xiàn)方式是幫助和展開這項(xiàng)研究的重要一步。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感謝收看本期的心理科學(xué)秀。
If you're interested in learning more about the science of depression,
如果您有興趣了解更多關(guān)于抑郁癥的科學(xué)知識，
you can check out our video on common misconceptions about antidepressants.
可以觀看我們關(guān)于抗抑郁藥物常見誤解的視頻。
And don't forget to subscribe!
別忘了訂閱我們的節(jié)目哦！
