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Have you ever heard that
你聽說過
social media sites have blue backgrounds because blue makes you feel calm?
社交媒體網(wǎng)站的背景是藍(lán)色的，因?yàn)樗{(lán)色讓你感覺平靜嗎？
Or have you read on some pop-psychology site
或者你有在流行心理學(xué)網(wǎng)站上讀過
that wearing red to a job interview will make you more confident?
穿紅色衣服面試會(huì)讓你更自信嗎?
The Internet is full of sketchy facts and rumors about color psychology—
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上關(guān)于色彩心理學(xué)的粗略事實(shí)和謠言——
the idea that certain colors can change our mood or influence our decisions.
某些顏色可以改變我們的情緒或影響我們的決定鋪天蓋地。
But what does the science have to say?
但是怎么用科學(xué)對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋呢？
Like a lot of things in psychology, the answer isn't crystal clear.
就像心理學(xué)的很多東西一樣，還沒有一個(gè)確切的答案。
Colors might affect our perception, and maybe even our behavior,
顏色可能會(huì)影響我們的感知，甚至影響我們的行為，
but not always in a predictable way.
但并不總是以可預(yù)測的方式。
And when it comes to why, the jury is still out.
至于原因，目前還沒有定論。
One of the most famous examples of color psychology gone wrong is Baker-Miller pink.
顏色心理學(xué)出錯(cuò)最著名的一個(gè)例子是貝克-米勒紅。
In the late 1960s, a researcher named Alexander Schauss began investigating
20世紀(jì)60年代末，一位名叫亞歷山大·斯豪斯的研究人員開始就
whether certain colors could actually cause your body to have a biological response.
某些顏色是否會(huì)給人的身體帶來生理反應(yīng)進(jìn)行調(diào)查。
After doing some experiments, including a few on himself,
在做了一些實(shí)驗(yàn)，包括自己也進(jìn)行了一些實(shí)驗(yàn)之后
he began to believe that exposure to the color pink had a calming effect,
他開始認(rèn)為暴露在粉紅色的環(huán)境中會(huì)起到鎮(zhèn)靜的效果，
causing the lowering of heart rate and blood pressure and even weakening muscle strength.
會(huì)導(dǎo)致心率和血壓降低，甚至肌肉力量減弱。
Schauss worked to find a shade of pink that was most effective,
Schauss努力找到一種最有效的粉色，
and believed the color could do wonders in prisons.
他相信這種顏色能在監(jiān)獄里創(chuàng)造奇跡。
He convinced a Naval correctional facility—run by Gene Baker and Ron Miller—
他說服了由吉恩·貝克和羅恩·米勒經(jīng)營的海軍監(jiān)獄
to paint a holding cell that color, which came to be known as Baker-Miller pink.
牢房噴上后來稱為貝克-米勒紅的顏色。
At this prison, incoming inmates were thought to be especially unruly.
在這座監(jiān)獄里，新來的囚犯被認(rèn)為特別不守規(guī)矩。
But after five months of using the pink holding cell,
但是關(guān)進(jìn)粉色牢房5個(gè)月之后，
there had been zero violent or disruptive incidents.
沒有發(fā)生任何暴力或破壞性事件。
The officers were convinced that the pink paint worked,
警官們確信粉紅色的涂料起了作用，
and were even more impressed because all it seemed to take was 15 minutes of exposure.
更令人印象深刻的是，這一切似乎只需要15分鐘。
Schauss and others later tried to show that Baker-Miller pink had a physiological effect on people,
Schauss和其他人后來試圖證明貝克-米勒紅對(duì)人的生理產(chǎn)生影響，
and that the color could be a calming force in other prisons.
這種顏色在其他監(jiān)獄可以起到鎮(zhèn)靜作用。
But those studies don't really hold up when you look at how they were done.
但是當(dāng)你看到這些研究是如何進(jìn)行的，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些研究結(jié)果并不可靠。
For one thing, the scientists didn't split up the prisoners randomly
首先，科學(xué)家們并沒有將囚犯隨機(jī)分開
and put half in pink rooms and the other half in, say, white rooms.
一半放在粉色的房間，另一半放在白色的房間。
Instead, they simply compared the amount of violence in the first year, when there were white walls,
他們只是簡單地比較了第一年當(dāng)時(shí)白墻里暴力事件的數(shù)量，
to the following year when things were painted pink.
和第二年白墻被涂成粉色暴力事件的數(shù)量。
Carefully controlled experiments have failed to find that Baker-Miller pink is, as Schauss claimed, tranquilizing.
仔細(xì)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)未能發(fā)現(xiàn)，正如Schauss所言，貝克-米勒紅是一種鎮(zhèn)靜劑。
But that doesn't mean that color doesn't matter at all!
但這并不意味著顏色無關(guān)緊要！
Consider experiments done in 2012 in the Netherlands, with people using poker chips.
想想2012年荷蘭進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)，用的是撲克籌碼。
When poker players were given red chips, they bet more and and were more competitive.
撲克玩家拿到紅籌股時(shí)，他們會(huì)下注更多，競爭也更激烈。
When asked how they were feeling during the game, they reported feeling stronger.
當(dāng)被問及在比賽中感覺如何時(shí)，他們表示感覺更強(qiáng)。
Players using white or blue chips, on the other hand, tended to fold more.
另一方面，使用白色或藍(lán)色籌碼的玩家往往會(huì)折損得更多。
So color does seem capable of changing feelings and behavior.
所以顏色似乎能改變?nèi)说母杏X和行為。
But that raises the question of … why?
但這提出了一個(gè)問題：為什么？
Is that because red has some sort of biological effect on people when they're playing poker?
是因?yàn)榧t色對(duì)玩撲克的人有某種生物影響嗎？
Or is it that people learn to associate certain meanings with certain colors, because of their culture?
還是因?yàn)槲幕脑颍藗儗W(xué)會(huì)了將特定的含義與特定的顏色聯(lián)系起來?
Red might have an emboldening effect on a select group of Dutch people—
紅色可能對(duì)一群荷蘭人有壯膽的作用——
as seemed to be the case in the poker study—but not on people in Japan or Kenya, for example.
就像撲克研究一樣——但在日本和肯尼亞就不同了。
And even then, the associations that we make with a color at a poker table won't necessarily apply to your wardrobe.
即便如此，我們?cè)谂谱郎蠈?duì)顏色的聯(lián)想也不一定適用于你。
You probably have your own, personal associations with red, too.
對(duì)紅色你可能也有自己的個(gè)人聯(lián)想。
So, something about color matters.
所以，顏色很重要。
The challenge for psychologists today is to figure out how and why colors affect us,
今天心理學(xué)家面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是弄清楚顏色是如何以及為什么會(huì)影響我們，
while avoiding the mistakes of their Baker-Miller pink past.
同時(shí)避免貝過去克-米勒的錯(cuò)誤。
That means improving research methods—including by being more careful about what we mean by “color.”
這意味著改進(jìn)研究方法——對(duì)待我們認(rèn)為的“顏色”含義要更加謹(jǐn)慎。
When we talk about color, we usually think about hue, or the wavelength of a red, say, versus a blue.
論及顏色，我們通常會(huì)想到色調(diào)，或者紅色波長，藍(lán)色波長，
But there's also how bright it is, and how intense and vivid it is.
但是它有多么明亮，多么強(qiáng)烈，多么生動(dòng)。
In the past, most researchers have varied all these elements at the same time,
過去，大多數(shù)研究人員同時(shí)改變了所有這些元素，
making it really hard to interpret results.
使得研究結(jié)果很難解釋。
So, even though we can't say that a certain color will make you happier or less violent,
所以，即使我們不能說某某種顏色會(huì)讓你更快樂或暴力減少，
colors can influence our feelings and alter our behavior—
顏色可以影響我們的感覺和改變我們的行為——
we're just not sure exactly how or why.
我們只是不確定顏色是如何以及為什么會(huì)對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生影響。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych, especially to our patrons on Patreon.
感謝收看本集心理科學(xué)秀，感謝Patreon對(duì)本節(jié)目的支持。
If you'd like to help us keep making episodes like this one, go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想幫助我們繼續(xù)制作這樣的劇集，請(qǐng)?jiān)L問patreon.com/scishow。
And for lots of psychology info coming your way, go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
如果您想了解更多的心理學(xué)信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)L問并訂閱youtube.com/scishowpsych。
