評(píng)論
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You've probably heard of all kinds of tricks you can use to tell if someone's lying.
你可能聽說過判斷某人是否撒謊的各種技巧。
Like from me. Six years ago.
比如我，六年前...
Liars often use more formal language to deny something that they've actually done. Oh my god!
撒謊者經(jīng)常使用更正式的語言來否認(rèn)他們已經(jīng)做過的事情，哦，天啊
But separating lies from the truth isn't as simple as learning all those techniques,
但辨別謊言并不僅僅是學(xué)習(xí)所有這些技巧那么簡(jiǎn)單，
because most of them are based on the assumption
因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)都是基于這個(gè)假設(shè)：
that there's an inherent psychological difference between lying and telling the truth.
講真話和說假話各自的內(nèi)在心理差異。
And that is not always the case.
但情況并非總是如此。
Which means a foolproof lie detector is unlikely, if not impossible.
我的意思是測(cè)謊儀不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
Let's say someone is letting their dog poop on your lawn,
假設(shè)某人讓狗狗在你的草坪上大便，
but none of your neighbors are copping to it.
鄰居們卻沒有一個(gè)人去處理。
If you're the type of person who faithfully watches every episode of Lie to Me or Law and Order,
如果你看過《別對(duì)我說謊》或《法律與秩序》，
you might think you know a thing or two about detecting deception.
你可能會(huì)認(rèn)為自己對(duì)謊言識(shí)別略知一二，
But even if you tried those techniques,
但即使你試過這些技巧，
you might not be able to catch the liar — or worse, you might end up accusing the wrong person.
你可能也找不出說謊的人——或者更糟糕的是，可能你最后指錯(cuò)了人。
Most of these things involve looking for signals of stronger emotions, especially the fear of being caught.
其中，大部分都涉及到尋找更強(qiáng)烈的情緒信號(hào)——尤其是害怕被抓住。
Polygraph machines, for example,
比如測(cè)謊儀，
are designed to detect lies based on changes to things associated with anxiety,
根據(jù)人對(duì)焦慮事物的情緒變化，
like an increased heart rate or sweating.
比如心跳加速或出汗來檢測(cè)謊言。
And they're notoriously unreliable.
眾所周知，這些方法并不可靠。
There's also the idea that minute facial movements, also known as microexpressions,
還有一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，微小的面部運(yùn)動(dòng)，也就是我們熟知的微表情，
can reveal someone's innermost thoughts.
可以揭示某人內(nèi)心深處的想法。
But microexpressions actually have very little empirical basis,
但實(shí)際上，微表情在這方面的實(shí)證依據(jù)較少，
especially if you're talking about reading people in real time.
尤其是當(dāng)你說道實(shí)時(shí)讀取人內(nèi)心想法的時(shí)候。
While there is some potential for developing computerized methods of lie detection based on it,
盡管計(jì)算機(jī)測(cè)謊方法還是有一些發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ?/div>
it's not really a skill you can pick up and then use when you go confront your neighbor about that new mystery lawn turd.
但當(dāng)你和鄰居談?wù)撃莻€(gè)神秘草坪上的糞便時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)測(cè)謊方式并不適用。
In fact, microexpression training can make you worse at detecting certain kinds of lies,
事實(shí)上，微表情訓(xùn)練會(huì)讓你在判斷某些謊言方面更糟糕，
for the same reason polygraphs don't work:
出于同樣的原因，測(cè)謊儀也不起作用：
emotions just aren't a good way to tell if someone is lying.
情緒并不是判斷一個(gè)人是否撒謊的好方法。
Like, it's not that weird to think
想想也不奇怪
that you might be super anxious if you're in a tiny windowless room being intensely interviewed while hooked up to a weird machine
如果你在一間沒有窗戶的小房間里，與一臺(tái)奇怪的機(jī)器相連，緊張地接受測(cè)試
—whether or not you're telling the truth.
——你是否在說實(shí)話，你可能會(huì)非常焦慮
On the flip side, a super confident liar might not feel anxious at all.
另一方面，一個(gè)超級(jí)自信的說謊者可能根本不會(huì)焦慮。
And even if you do feel stronger emotions when you lie,
即使當(dāng)你撒謊時(shí)，你的情緒比較強(qiáng)烈，
they can vary based on your motivation for lying and what's at stake if you're found out.
這些情緒也會(huì)根據(jù)你說謊的動(dòng)機(jī)以及撒謊被發(fā)現(xiàn)存在的危險(xiǎn)而有所變化。
So more recent research into lie detection has stepped away from looking at emotional signals
因此，對(duì)測(cè)謊的新近研究關(guān)注的不再是情緒信號(hào)
and focused more on the idea that lying increases what psychologists call cognitive load.
而是撒謊會(huì)增加心理學(xué)家所說的認(rèn)知負(fù)荷。
If you think of your brain like a computer—
如果你把你的大腦想象成一臺(tái)電腦
which you mostly shouldn't—then cognitive load is, like, how much of your RAM is in use.
這是你最不應(yīng)該做的——認(rèn)知負(fù)荷就是，比如你的內(nèi)存使用了多少。
The idea is that when you lie, you're inventing things, juggling the real and the fake,
當(dāng)你撒謊的時(shí)候，你在捏造事實(shí)，玩弄真假，
carefully watching for hints that you've been found out,
仔細(xì)觀察你暴露出來的蛛絲馬跡
and generally using more working memory than you would be if you just told the truth.
而且一般情況下，你調(diào)用的記憶內(nèi)存會(huì)比你說實(shí)話還要多
And that's supported by brain scanning studies.
這是通過掃描大腦得出的結(jié)果
Since you only have so much RAM to work with,
因?yàn)榇竽X的記憶內(nèi)存是固定的，
cognitive lie detection relies on challenging the suspected liar's brain and gauging how well they handle the additional work.
認(rèn)知測(cè)謊挑戰(zhàn)說謊者的大腦，并衡量他們處理額外工作的能力。
They use tactics like having people tell their stories in reverse,
他們使用的策略是讓人們對(duì)故事進(jìn)行倒敘，
draw diagrams of the scene, or perform some other physical task while they're talking.
繪制場(chǎng)景圖，或在談話時(shí)執(zhí)行其他一些體能任務(wù)。
Then they look for inconsistencies between accounts or changes to verbal and nonverbal cues,
然后，他們會(huì)查找各個(gè)理由間的矛盾或者口頭和非口頭線索的變化，
like pauses or body language.
比如停頓或肢體語言。
This method works somewhere between 2/3 and 3/4 of the time,
此方法成功的概率在2/3和3/4之間，
which is better than flipping a coin, but still not great.
這比拋硬幣的效果好，但仍然不是很理想。
And like stronger emotions, having a high cognitive load isn't unique to liars.
和強(qiáng)烈的情緒一樣，擁有高認(rèn)知負(fù)荷并不為撒謊者獨(dú)有。
Someone can have a lot going on in their head for completely unrelated reasons.
有些人腦子里會(huì)閃現(xiàn)各種無關(guān)的想法
There's some newer research using brain scanners and other high-tech machines
有些新研究通過采用大腦掃描儀和其他高科技機(jī)器
to look for specific brain pathways or activation patterns that are unique to lying.
來尋找特定的大腦通路或說謊所特有的激活模式。
But so far, they have not found any magic bullets, and it's unclear if they ever will.
但到目前為止，他們還沒有找到任何靈丹妙藥，也不清楚是否會(huì)找到。
So there's not as much distinguishing a lie and the truth as you might think.
所以你可能會(huì)認(rèn)為，謊言和事實(shí)的區(qū)別并沒有那么明顯。
Part of the reason might be that when people lie, they don't usually make everything up
部分原因可能是，當(dāng)人們?nèi)鲋e時(shí)，他們通常不會(huì)編造一切
—they often tell embedded lies, where most of what they're saying is true.
——他們會(huì)在說的事實(shí)里面加入部分謊言
Like, if you asked that person about that dog's last walk,
比如，如果你問那人關(guān)于狗的最后一次散步，
they might tell you about another day where they didn't stroll past your house, and be like,
他們可能會(huì)告訴你某一天他們沒有在你家附近散步，又比如，
"I never walk past your house! That day I was in a completely different neighborhood."
“我從來沒有去過你家！那天我在另一個(gè)社區(qū)。”
So, they are lying, but they're also giving a totally true account of a walk they really took.
所以，他們?cè)谌鲋e，但他們也完全真實(shí)地描述了自己的行蹤。
And lying is an essential part of our psychology—we lie for all kinds of reasons,
撒謊是我們心理的重要部分——撒謊的原因各種各樣，
and we don't just lie to others, we lie to ourselves,
我們不只是對(duì)別人撒謊，我們對(duì)自己也撒了很多謊，
so much so that what we see as the truth is constantly shifting.
以致于我們所看到的真理不斷地變化。
While all of these studies are super important for things like our justice system and how we train law enforcement,
盡管所有這些研究對(duì)于我們的司法系統(tǒng)以及我們?nèi)绾闻嘤?xùn)執(zhí)法人員都非常重要，
they aren't really things that you can use to figure out if your neighbor is hiding the truth
但這些并不是你找出鄰居是否隱瞞真相——
about their dog pooping on your lawn.
他們的狗在你的草坪上大便的證據(jù)
Which they are. They definitely are.
是誰家狗狗的大便，當(dāng)然是他們的。
Like, good luck getting them to sit down for some extensive, taped one-on-one interviews
比如，好好坐下來進(jìn)行一些大量的、一對(duì)一采訪
so you can try to analyze their speech patterns
你可以試著分析他們的說話模式
or check details while you're getting them to retell the story of their dog walk for the sixteenth time.
或者當(dāng)他們?cè)趶?fù)述第16次遛狗的故事時(shí)，檢查他們說話的細(xì)節(jié)。
Besides, trying to become a better lie detector often backfires.
此外，想要更好地偵測(cè)謊言結(jié)果往往適得其反。
Simply trying to detect a lie or thinking you have the skills to do so
僅僅是偵測(cè)一個(gè)謊言或認(rèn)為自己在這方面有能力
can make you more likely to think that a lie is being told—a phenomenon known as lie bias,
會(huì)更容易讓你認(rèn)為有人在說謊——我們稱之為謊言偏見，
which we're all familiar with if we play the game "Werewolf."
如果我們玩過“狼人”這個(gè)游戲，那么我們會(huì)很熟悉這種現(xiàn)象。
When put to the test, professionals who detect lies as a part of their jobs
在接受測(cè)試時(shí)，將偵測(cè)謊言視為工作一部分的專業(yè)人士
—like cops—don't generally do a better job of telling fact from fiction,
比如警察，通常情況下，他們分不清虛實(shí)，
even though they're more confident in their assessments.
即使他們對(duì)自己的評(píng)估更有信心。
Studies have also found
研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)
that people who undergo lie detection training can actually be worse at sniffing out liars than those who don't.
那些接受過測(cè)謊訓(xùn)練的人可能比那些沒有接觸過測(cè)謊訓(xùn)練的人實(shí)際上更難找出撒謊者。
Either way, I'd hazard a guess that your neighbors aren't so keen on being interrogated.
不管怎樣，我猜你的鄰居都不喜歡被審問。
So setting up a camera to catch that dog in the act might be a safer bet.
所以設(shè)置一個(gè)攝像頭來捕捉狗的行為可能是一個(gè)更安全的做法。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝收看本期心理科學(xué)秀節(jié)目！
If you want to learn more about how the truth can change over time,
如果你想了解真相如何隨時(shí)間改變，
you might like our episode on how your memory can be tricked.
你可能會(huì)喜歡我們的節(jié)目——記憶是如何被欺騙的。
And if you want to keep learning more about your brain and how it works,
如果你想繼續(xù)了解你的大腦以及工作原理，
be sure to click on that subscribe button!
一定要點(diǎn)擊訂閱我們的節(jié)目哦！
