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In the late 1980s, an American psychologist named Francine Shapiro noticed that
在20世紀(jì)80年代，一位名叫弗朗辛·夏皮羅的美國(guó)心理學(xué)家注意到，
if she thought about disturbing memories while walking through the woods,
如果她在穿過(guò)樹林時(shí)想起令人不安的記憶，
the thoughts would dissipate without her actively trying to do anything about them.
在不積極對(duì)它做些事的情況下，這些記憶就會(huì)消失。
Eventually, she realized that when she recalled the traumatic memories as she walked,
最終，她意識(shí)到自己邊走路邊回想那段創(chuàng)傷記憶時(shí)，
her eyes were moving from side to side.
眼睛從一邊轉(zhuǎn)到了另一邊。
And when that happened, it felt like the memory would bother her less the next time it came to mind.
當(dāng)這一切發(fā)生的時(shí)候，感覺就像她下次再回想起這段記憶時(shí)痛苦會(huì)減少一樣
She started looking in to the idea and soon, eye movement desensitization reprocessing, or EMDR therapy, was born.
她開始研究這個(gè)想法，很快，眼動(dòng)脫敏與再加工（EMDR）療法誕生了。
But as promising as some research makes it sound, EMDR is actually pretty controversial,
盡管一些研究認(rèn)為它很有希望，但EMDR實(shí)際上很有爭(zhēng)議，
and there's a whole lot of back and forth about whether the eye movements that set EMDR apart really do anything.
區(qū)別于EMDR的正常眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)是否有作用仍在反復(fù)討論。
The therapy is mostly used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD,
EMDR療法主要用于治療創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙（PTSD），
which can happen when someone hasn't been able to process and recover from a trauma they've experienced.
后者是指一個(gè)人不能處理創(chuàng)傷，并從他們經(jīng)歷的創(chuàng)傷中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)發(fā)生的情況。
Even years later, the trauma can affect their life in all kinds of ways,
即使若干年后，創(chuàng)傷仍會(huì)以各種方式影響他們的生活，
they might have flashbacks, sleep and concentration problems, persistent feelings of anger and shame,
他們可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)病理性重現(xiàn)、睡眠和注意力集中的問(wèn)題、持續(xù)的憤怒和羞愧感，
or any of a whole bunch of other symptoms.
或者其他一系列癥狀。
As the name suggests, treating PTSD with EMDR therapy centers around those side-to-side eye movements.
顧名思義，治療PTSD的EMDR療法圍繞左右眼運(yùn)動(dòng)展開。
Its proponents think that by moving their eyes back and forth,
它的支持者認(rèn)為通過(guò)來(lái)回移動(dòng)他們的眼睛，
patients can reprocess traumatic memories that have basically gotten "stuck"
病人可以重新處理基本上被卡住的創(chuàng)傷性記憶，
because the usual ways the brain deals with trauma didn't work.
因?yàn)樘幚韯?chuàng)傷的常規(guī)療法不起作用了。
In each session, you're told to focus on a specific traumatic memory:
在每個(gè)療程中，你都被告知要專注于一個(gè)特定的創(chuàng)傷記憶：
the details, the emotions it brings up, and your reaction to it.
它的細(xì)節(jié)、它帶來(lái)的情感以及你對(duì)它的反應(yīng)。
While you're doing that, the therapist holds up a finger in front of you
當(dāng)你這樣做時(shí)，治療師會(huì)在你面前豎起一根手指，
and moves it quickly from side to side for about 15 seconds while you follow the movement with your eyes.
然后把它從一邊到另一邊快速地移動(dòng)大約15秒，與此同時(shí)，你的眼睛也追隨它移動(dòng)。
You'd almost expect them to start saying "you are gettting sleeepier...",
你幾乎會(huì)期望他們開始說(shuō)“你快困了...”，
except that this isn't hypnosis and you're not on a Hollywood set in the 1940s.
但這不是催眠，你不是在20世紀(jì)40年代的好萊塢片場(chǎng)。
The hope is that as you recall different details related to the memories, they become less and less disturbing.
該做法是想讓你在回想起與此記憶有關(guān)的不同細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，它們帶來(lái)的困擾會(huì)減少。
Then, once you're more desensitized,
然后你一旦變得更麻木，
you can start associating positive lines of thinking with the previously traumatic memory.
就可以開始將積極的想法與之前的創(chuàng)傷記憶聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
Maybe something like "that wasn't my fault." Or, "I am a good person."
比如“這不是我的錯(cuò)”，或者“我是個(gè)好人”等之類的想法。
The concept is so simple that it doesn't even seem like it should work.
這個(gè)概念簡(jiǎn)單得似乎都不應(yīng)該奏效。
And yet, meta-analyses of the research on EMDR have consistently shown that it does improve PTSD symptoms,
然而，此療法研究的薈萃分析一致表明，它確實(shí)能改善PTSD的癥狀,
at least compared to no treatment at all.
至少與沒治療時(shí)相比有所幫助。
The thing is, there's no real consensus about how it works.
問(wèn)題是，它的運(yùn)作方式并沒有真正的共識(shí)。
Almost all effective therapies for PTSD involve reprocessing traumatic memories in some way,
幾乎所有治療PTSD的有效療法都包括用某種方式重新處理創(chuàng)傷記憶，
since those stuck memories seem to be the main cause of the disorder.
因?yàn)槟切┍豢ㄗ〉挠洃浰坪跏窃斐蛇@種疾病的主因。
With EMDR, researchers think the eye movements allow the brain to do that reprocessing,
研究人員認(rèn)為EMDR的眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)能讓大腦進(jìn)行再處理，
but there's some debate about the exact mechanism behind it.
但他們對(duì)其背后的具體機(jī)制仍有爭(zhēng)論。
One possibility is that performing an extra task,
一種可能性是通過(guò)讓大腦執(zhí)行額外任務(wù)，
moving your eyes back and forth, overloads your working memory,
反復(fù)移動(dòng)眼球，讓工作記憶過(guò)載，
which handles everything you're consciously doing at any given time.
后者處理任何特定時(shí)間內(nèi)你有意識(shí)做得所有事情。
Your working memory can only deal with a few different things at once,
你的工作記憶只能同時(shí)處理幾件不同的事情，
and the idea is that if you start filling it up with tasks,
該想法是，如果你開始用任務(wù)填滿它，
there's less room for the negative stuff that would normally be triggered by traumatic memories.
就會(huì)縮小那些由創(chuàng)傷記憶引發(fā)的消極想法的空間。
Other researchers think that the eye movements mimic what's known as an orienting response
其他研究人員認(rèn)為，眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)模仿的是一種適應(yīng)反應(yīng)，
what your brain automatically does when you're exposed to a new environment or stimulus,
即你在接觸新環(huán)境或新刺激時(shí)，大腦自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生行為，
in order to process and understand it for the first time.
以便第一次處理和理解它。
Or EMDR could improve communication between the hemispheres of your brain,
EMDR可以改善大腦半球之間的交流，
or the effect could have to do with REM sleep, or … you get it.
或者它的效果可能與快速眼動(dòng)睡眠有關(guān)，或者...你明白了吧。
There are a lot of options, but not a lot of answers.
選項(xiàng)很多，答案卻不多。
Some researchers argue that this isn't a big deal,
一些研究人員認(rèn)為這沒什么大不了的，
we use lots of things in medicine that we don't entirely understand the mechanisms of.
我們?cè)卺t(yī)學(xué)上使用了很多我們不完全了解的機(jī)制。
Antidepressants, for example, or general anesthesia.
例如，抗抑郁藥或全身麻醉。
Others are a lot more skeptical.
其他人則更加懷疑。
Yes, meta-analyses have shown that EMDR is an effective treatment for PTSD.
是的，薈萃分析表明EMDR是治療PTSD的有效方法。
But they've also consistently shown that it isn't more effective at treating PTSD
但他們也一直表明它在治療PTSD方面沒有
than similar therapies that don't involve moving your eyes around.
比不需要眼球活動(dòng)的類似療法效果更好。
Like trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, where you're gradually re-exposed to the trauma
創(chuàng)傷性認(rèn)知行為療法讓你重新逐步暴露在創(chuàng)傷面前，EMDR也如此，
and learn to make sense of what happened and how it affects your thoughts and behaviors.
它讓你學(xué)會(huì)理解創(chuàng)傷以及它是如何影響你的思想和行為的。
A meta-analysis published in 2006 looked at seven studies comparing these two therapies,
2006年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析在7項(xiàng)研究中比較了這兩種療法，
and found no evidence that one was more effective for PTSD than the other.
并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何證據(jù)能表明對(duì)PTSD的治療哪種更有效。
That might seem like a point in favor of EMDR,
這似乎是對(duì)EMDR的支持，
but if you're trying to sell the idea that eye movements add a new, super effective layer to therapy, this isn't good news.
但是如果你想推銷眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)是超級(jí)有效的新治療法，這就不是好消息了。
If the eye movements used in EMDR were actually triggering something in the brain to help process traumatic memories,
如果EMDR中使用的眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)確實(shí)能觸發(fā)大腦中的某些東西，以此來(lái)幫助處理創(chuàng)傷記憶，
you'd expect it to work better than a therapy that's similar in almost every way except the eye movements.
那么你將期望它比除了眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)之外的所有類似療法更有效。
So, a lot of psychologists believe that even though EMDR is as effective as some other treatments for PTSD,
所以很多心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為即使EMDR和其他治療PTSD的方法一樣有效，
it doesn't actually offer anything revolutionary.
但它實(shí)際并沒有提供任何革命性的東西。
Their perspective is basically that what's effective isn't new, and what is new isn't effective.
他們的基本觀點(diǎn)是，有效的不新，新的無(wú)效。
But! Regardless of whether the eye movements offer something new,
但是！不管眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)有沒有提供新東西，
EMDR is still a highly recommended treatment for PTSD.
EMDR仍然是一種極力推薦的PTSD治療方法。
Yes, there are a lot of questions about it, but we're not just going to throw an effective treatment out the window.
是的，它存在很多問(wèn)題，但是我們不會(huì)把有效的治療方法扔出窗外。
If nothing else, the way therapists conduct EMDR,
如果沒有別的方法，治療師會(huì)實(shí)施EMDR療法，
like the fact that it doesn't involve too much discussion of the trauma, might work better for some patients.
就像不過(guò)多討論創(chuàng)傷對(duì)一些病人來(lái)說(shuō)可能更好一樣。
But with future research, hopefully we'll learn more about how to help people process trauma …
但是在未來(lái)的研究中，我們希望能學(xué)到更多關(guān)于如何幫助人們處理創(chuàng)傷的方法……
and whether simple eye movements can hack your brain's memory circuits.
以及簡(jiǎn)單的眼部運(yùn)動(dòng)是否能破壞大腦的記憶回路。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝您收看本期的心理科學(xué)秀！
If you're interested in learning about the history of another strange therapy,
如果你有興趣了解另一種奇怪療法的歷史，
you can check out our video about the dangerous past of electroconvulsive therapy and what it's used for today.
可以看看“電休克療法的危險(xiǎn)過(guò)去以及今天的用途”那期視頻。
