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Hi there. I'm Hank Green.
嗨，大家好！我是漢克·格林。
But now, I'm … Super Hank Green!
但是現(xiàn)在，我是漢克·格林超人！
And I have super powers like can't see very well and really like they might be giants.
我有超能力，比如視覺不佳，他們看起來像是巨人。
According to superhero comics,
按照超級英雄漫畫來說，
simply putting on or taking off glasses is enough to completely transform your appearance.
簡單地戴上或摘下眼鏡就足以徹底改變你的外表。
Suddenly, mild-mannered Clark Kent is Superman!
突然，溫文爾雅的克拉克·肯特成了超人！
And lots of people have claimed that's ridiculous,
很多人都說這很荒謬，
because a pair of glasses doesn't seem like enough to make someone unrecognizable.
因為一副眼鏡似乎不足以讓人認不出來。
But researchers have actually looked into this, because of course they have.
但是研究人員已經(jīng)對此進行了研究，因為它們有這能力。
And it turns out that thanks to the way our brains process faces,
事實證明，多虧了我們大腦處理面部的方式，
glasses can be enough to keep you from recognizing someone, especially a stranger.
眼鏡足以讓你辨不出某人，尤其是陌生人。
Which, in a world full of photo IDs and eyewitness testimony, is kind of a big deal.
這在一個充斥著照片識別和目擊者證詞的世界里是件大事。
Faces are special to us humans because social interaction is key to our survival.
面部對我們?nèi)祟悂碚f很特殊，因為社會互動是我們生存的關鍵。
They're so special, in fact, that your brain has entire systems dedicated to recognizing them.
事實上，面部非常特別，以至于你的大腦有一套致力于識別它們的完整體系。
Some regions of your brain, like the occipital facial area,
有些大腦區(qū)域，比如枕面部區(qū)，
respond specifically to parts of the face, like the eyes or nose.
特別針對臉部的某些區(qū)域，如眼睛或鼻子有反應。
Meanwhile, your fusiform gyrus responds to the whole face.
與此同時，你的梭狀回會對整個面部做出反應。
It tells your brain what's what,
它告訴你的大腦什么是什么。
so you know that you're looking at a face and not a piece of toast or whatever.
這樣你就會知道自己在看一張臉，而不是一片烤面包之類的東西。
Other regions, like the superior temporal sulcus, respond to facial cues, emotional expressions,
其他大腦區(qū)域，比如顳上溝，對面部表情、情緒表達有反應，
for example, or where the eyes are looking.
例如，眼睛在看哪里。
But even so, a face isn't recognizable until you draw on your memories and experiences to contextualize it.
但即便如此，在你將記憶和經(jīng)歷與一張面孔融合之前，你還是無法辨認出它。
Which is why it can be harder to recognize a person when something changes.
這就是為什么當一個人發(fā)生變化時，你很難認出他。
You might not immediately recognize your boss at the grocery store, for example.
例如，你可能不會在雜貨店馬上認出你的老板。
Or Superman wearing glasses. No, really.
或者認出戴眼鏡的超人。不，真是這樣。
A 2016 study in the UK with 59 subjects found that
2016年，一項針對59名測試對象的英國研究發(fā)現(xiàn)
glasses made it harder to tell if two images were of the same person.
眼鏡讓人很難分辨兩張照片上的人是否是同一個人。
If both had glasses, or both didn't have glasses,
如果兩人都戴眼鏡，或者兩人都沒有眼鏡，
the participants could correctly tell if they were the same person about 80% of the time.
參與者在大約80%的時間里能正確判斷他們是否是同一人。
But if one had glasses and the other didn't,
但是如果一個人戴眼鏡，而另一個不戴，
they were only able to tell if they were the same person 74% of the time.
他們只能在74%的時間里判斷他們是否是同一人。
While that's not a huge difference, it was still a statistically significant change,
雖然差別不大，但它在統(tǒng)計學上仍是個有意義的變化，
and it shows that glasses can affect how easily you identify someone, especially a stranger.
它表明，眼鏡會影響你識人的難易程度，尤其是陌生人。
In addition to experiments like these,
除了這樣的實驗，
scientists often study how our brains recognize faces by looking at the outliers.
科學家們還經(jīng)常通過觀察離群值來研究我們大腦面部識別的方式。
Some people score way above normal on facial recognition tests.
有些人在面部識別測試中的得分高于正常水平。
They're called super recognizers, and they're really, really good at identifying faces,
他們被稱為超級識別者，他們真得，真得非常擅長識別人臉，
even when they've been obscured or disguised, like with a hat or a mustache.
即使人們用帽子或胡子等物遮住或偽裝了。
And I am not one of them.
我不是這類人。
And that might be because they focus more on the nose than other people do.
這可能是因為他們比其他人更關注鼻子。
Researchers think looking near the middle of the face, right around the nose,
研究人員認為，觀察臉的中部，即鼻子周圍，
may help them process the face all at once, rather than piece by piece.
可以幫助他們立刻處理面部，而不是一塊一塊地處理。
And looking at the face as a whole, rather than an assembly of eyes, nose, and mouth,
把臉看成一個整體，而不是眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴的集合，
seems to be an important part of actually recognizing who it is, rather than just seeing the face.
不僅僅是看臉，似乎對識人非常重要。
So if you want to recognize people better, just right at the nose!
所以，如果你想更好地識別人，就看鼻子！
There are people who are completely awful at recognizing faces as well.
也有一些人在識別人臉方面很糟糕。
It's not just an excuse that people use at parties, I swear.
我發(fā)誓，這不僅僅是人們在聚會上使用的借口。
In severe cases, it's called prosopagnosia, or "face blindness", and it's surprisingly common,
在嚴重案例中，它被稱為人面失認癥或者臉盲癥，它非常常見，
studies suggest about 2% of people might have it to some extent.
研究表明，大約2%的人可能在某種程度上患有此癥。
It can be caused by an injury or disease, but many cases are congenital:
它可能是由受傷或疾病引起的，但許多病例是先天性的：
in the immortal words of Lady Gaga, baby they were born that way.
按Lady Gaga的不朽名言來說，他們天生如此。
People with prosopagnosia tend to be bad at recognizing faces no matter what.
患有人面失認癥的人無論如何都不善于識別面孔。
In congenital cases, it often seems to come from structural or signaling problems in the fusiform gyrus,
在先天性病例中，它似乎通常是梭狀回的結(jié)構(gòu)或信號問題，
the part of the brain that sees faces as a whole.
梭狀回是把人臉看成整體的大腦區(qū)域。
In other words, they have trouble distinguishing faces as faces.
換句話說，他們很難區(qū)分人臉。
For example, most people can more easily recognize an upright face than an inverted face,
例如，大多數(shù)人都更容易認出正立面孔而不是倒立面孔，
but people with prosopagnosia are always bad at it, no matter the orientation.
但患有臉盲癥的人不管它們的方向怎樣，總是表現(xiàn)得很糟糕。
And they spend more time looking at the mouth area than the eyes or nose,
他們會花更多的時間觀察嘴而不是眼睛或鼻子，
which might explain why they can't match the face to memory.
這可能解釋了它們?yōu)槭裁床荒芘c記憶相匹配。
They're not looking at the right areas, and maybe, they're not really seeing the whole face.
他們沒有在看正確的區(qū)域，或許，他們沒有看到整張臉。
Most of us are in between these extremes:
我們大多數(shù)人處于這兩個極端之間：
okay at recognizing faces, especially ones you see all the time, but still not perfect.
我們擅長識別面部，特別是一直在看的臉，但達不到完美程度。
Which might not seem like a big deal until you think about all of the real world situations
這看起來不是什么大事，直到你想到了真實世界的所有情況，
where a person's ability to recognize faces can have some pretty serious consequences.
這里，人們識別面部的能力可能會產(chǎn)生一些非常嚴重的后果。
Like all the places we use photo IDs, or in eyewitness testimony.
比如我們使用照片識別的所有地方，或者目擊者的證詞。
On the other hand, people who are good at recognizing faces could be used to make things more secure.
另一方面，善于識別面孔的人可以被利用，讓事情更安全。
For example, the London Police Force has their own research-confirmed team of super-recognizers
例如，倫敦警察隊有他們自己的超級識別者研究確認小組，
who help identify suspects from video footage.
后者能幫助他們從錄像中識別嫌疑人。
So, part of the solution to these security issues might be to
所以，這些安全問題的部分解決方法可能
include recognition testing in the hiring process for jobs where facial recognition is important.
包括在面部識別很重要的工作中，招聘時要進行識別測試。
We could also eventually let computers, which are constantly getting better at this, take over.
我們最終也可以讓電腦在這方面不斷進步，取而代之。
Because sure, our brains have special areas for processing faces,
因為盡管我們的大腦有處理面部的特殊區(qū)域，
but we're not as great at recognizing them as you might think.
但我們可能不如自己所想的那般擅長。
And ultimately, that's why Superman's disguise might actually be enough, despite all the flak it's received.
最后總結(jié)，這就是超人盡管受到猛烈抨擊，但他們的偽裝已經(jīng)足夠的原因。
As long as he can also hide all the bulging muscles, which I don't know how he manages that.
只要他還能藏起所有的膨脹肌肉就行，我不知道他是怎么做到的。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝您收看本期的心理科學秀！
If you're interested in learning more about the weird quirks of facial recognition,
如果你有興趣了解更多關于面部識別的怪癖，
you might like our episode on how staring at your own face too long can make you turn you into Bloody Mary.
你可能喜歡我們那期“長時間盯著自己的臉會讓你變成血腥瑪麗嗎”。
