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If you saw our video about becoming your parents,
如果你看過那期“我們如何變成父母的樣子”的視頻，
you learned how you could pick up some of your parents' habits and traits,
就會學到你獲得父母一些習慣和特質的方式，
although ultimately your decisions are in your control.
盡管最終決定權掌握在你手里。
And turns out, you could get some really unhealthy things from your parents, too.
事實證明，你也可能會從父母那里學到一些相當不健康的東西。
So you know, we're going to talk about disturbing behaviors like domestic violence and child abuse.
所以你知道的，我們將要講得家庭暴力和虐待兒童之類的暴力行為，
Just in case you'd like to avoid those things.
就是為了讓你避開這些事情。
Psychologists use the phrase intergenerational transmission of violence to refer to the fact
心理學家使用“暴力代際傳遞”這個短語來指代這一事實，
that children who grow up with abuse are more at risk of being abusive as adults.
即那些伴隨虐待長大的兒童成年后更有可能成為施虐者。
In other words, "violence begets violence."
換句話說，“暴力招致暴力”。
Psychologists have also found ways that people avoid this cycle, so it's not a definite thing.
心理學家也已找到了人們避開這個循環的方法，所以它不是件確定的事。
But we do know that growing up with violence creates risk.
但我們知道，伴隨暴力的成長會產生風險。
For example, a 2010 study published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence
例如，2010年發表于《人際暴力》雜志的一項研究
followed a random sample of a thousand 7th and 8th graders until they were an average of 33 years old.
隨機抽取了1000名七、八年級的學生，并跟蹤調查到他們平均33歲為止。
Overall, adults who were abused as children,
總的來說，小時候被虐待的成年人，
ranging from neglect to physical or sexual violence,
這種虐待從忽視到身體或性暴力，
were almost two and a half times more likely to mistreat kids.
他們虐待孩子的可能性幾乎高達2.5倍。
But it also mattered when the subjects of the study actually experienced abuse in their lives.
而且，研究對象在生活中遭受虐待的時間也很重要。
Adults who were abused as adolescents were almost five and a half times more likely to be abusive
青少年時期被虐待的成年人比沒有經歷過任何家庭暴力的人
than a person who hadn't experienced any violence in their home.
成為施虐者的可能性多達近5.5倍。
But the effect basically went away for people who were only abused as young children,
但是這種影響基本只適用于那些小時候被虐待的人，
when they were less than 12 years old.
他們的年齡不超過12歲。
So they seemed more likely to escape the cycle of violence.
因此，他們似乎更有可能逃離暴力循環。
It's worth mentioning that the control group, those who hadn't experienced violence as kids,
值得一提的是，那些小時候沒經歷過暴力的對照組，
wasn't immune to developing violent behavior, either.
也不能避免發展暴力行為。
They just didn't seem to carry that extra risk.
他們似乎沒有攜帶額外風險。
In fact, about 10% of the people in the control group turned out to be abusive in some way,
事實上，對照組中以某種方式成為施虐者的人數約占10%，
compared to 18% of people who were abused as children,
相比之下，兒童時期受虐待的人占18%，
and 37% of people who were abused as adolescents.
青少年時期受虐待的人占37%。
Now, the risk could also change if someone was a victim of abuse, or if they just witnessed it.
現在，如果某人是被虐待的受害者，或者他們目睹了虐待事件，風險也會發生變化。
An earlier study in 1984, published in the Journal of Marriage and Family,
1984年發表在《婚姻與家庭》雜志上的一項早期研究
looked at factors that might predict violent behavior in more than 2000 adults.
調查了2000多個成年人身上可能預示暴力行為的因素。
And the researchers found that observing domestic violence between parents
研究人員發現，觀察父母之間家庭暴力的人
tended to more accurately predict violent behavior than being physically abused.
比身體遭受虐待的人可能會更準確地預測暴力行為。
So why do these patterns exist?
那么，為什么會存在這些模式呢？
Probably one of the most important ways
一種最重要的方法可能
is because we learn behaviors that are modeled by our parents or caregivers, including harmful ones.
是因為我們學習行為依靠模仿父母或照顧者，包括那些有害行為。
This is called vicarious learning,
這被稱為替代學習，
and was famously studied by Albert Bandura using inflatable clown toys, called Bobo dolls.
它是阿爾伯特·班杜拉的一項著名研究，她利用了叫波波娃娃的充氣小丑玩具。
If kids watched adults hit and throw a Bobo doll,
如果孩子們看到大人打了一個波波娃娃并扔了它，
they were more likely to be violent to the toy too.
那么他們可能也會對玩具那么暴力。
So if kids see parents using violence to get what they want,
所以如果孩子看到父母用暴力得到他們想要的，
whether it's spanking a child or hitting a partner,
不管是體罰孩子還是打伴侶，
they might learn to deal with their conflicts with violence too.
他們也可能學會用暴力處理沖突。
But there's also a lot of variation among kids,
但是孩子之間也有很大差異，
some pick up modeled aggression more readily than others.
有些孩子比其他人更容易模仿攻擊行為。
And as children grow up, they'll have other models and can learn from them, too.
隨著孩子的成長，他們也會有其他榜樣，也可以向他們學習。
Plus, people can make choices about how they behave,
另外，人們可以選擇他們的行為方式，
so they won't necessarily resort to violence, and can break away from unhealthy patterns.
因此，他們不一定會訴諸暴力，也可以擺脫不健康的模式。
But part of the reason these patterns exist might also be genetic.
但這些模式存在的部分原因可能也是遺傳。
Researchers find that people's self-reports of aggressive behaviors can be partially explained by their genes.
研究人員發現，人們對攻擊性行為的自我報告部分可以用基因解釋。
But genetics actually aren't that simple.
但遺傳學其實沒那么簡單。
How much influence your genes have can depend on what your environment is like.
基因對你的影響程度取決于你所在的環境。
When it comes to psychological disorders, this is called the diathesis-stress model.
它在涉及心理障礙時被稱為“素質—應激模型”。
It's the idea that even though people might carry a genetic risk for some problem,
它的想法是，盡管人們的某些問題可能攜帶著遺傳風險，
it would take some kind of major life stress to trigger it.
但觸發它需要一些重大生活壓力。
Usually we think of stress coming from things like relationship drama or problems at work.
我們通常認為壓力來自于戲劇性的關系或工作問題等。
But research has also found that significant stress can be caused by systemic conditions like poverty,
但研究也發現，嚴重壓力可能是由貧困這樣的系統狀況造成的，
for instance, if you feel unsafe,
比如，你覺得不安全，
or if there's poor-quality housing and very few resources like stores or buses.
或者居住環境差，很少有商店或公共汽車之類的資源。
These kinds of environmental stresses have been linked to mental health issues that have a genetic component,
這些環境壓力與含遺傳因素的心理健康問題有關，
like clinical depression.
比如臨床抑郁癥。
And there's some specific evidence for the diathesis-stress model when it comes to abusive behavior.
當涉及到虐待行為時，有一些具體的證據可以證明素質-應激模型。
For example, a 2002 study published in Science looked at data from just over 1000 people
例如，2002年發表在《科學》雜志上的一項研究調查了1000多人的數據，
who carried a gene that codes for an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A, or MAO-A.
他們都攜帶一種編碼叫做單胺氧化酶A（MAO-A）的基因。
When this gene is working, the enzyme helps break down different neurotransmitters
當這個基因開始工作時，這種酶幫助它分解不同的神經遞質，
like norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
比如去甲腎上腺素、血清素和多巴胺。
These chemicals are involved in a lot of brain processes,
這些化學物質參與了很多腦活動，
potentially including how stressful experiences affect long-term behavior.
可能包括有壓力的經歷對長期行為的影響。
A lower-activity version of the MAO-A gene, meaning less enzyme gets made,
低活性的MAO-A基因意味著酶的生成減少，
has been linked in some studies with a higher risk of displaying violent or antisocial behaviors.
在一些研究中，它與有較高水平的暴力或反社會行為風險有關。
But in this analysis, the researchers found that people with a lower-activity version of the MAO-A gene
但在這個分析中，研究人員發現，擁有低活性MAO-A基因的人
had a higher risk specifically if they had been mistreated as children.
如果兒童時期被虐待，風險更高。
People with that version of the gene who weren't mistreated had a comparatively lower risk.
攜帶這種基因但沒受到虐待的人風險相對較低。
So the gene seems to be influenced by stress in some way.
所以這個基因似乎在某種程度上受到了壓力的影響。
It's not straightforward.
但不是直接的。
But even though genetics might play a role, it doesn't mean abusive behavior is inevitable.
雖然基因可能起作用，但這并不意味著虐待行為不可避免。
An important way to break the cycle of violence is through help from professionals.
打破暴力循環的一個重要方法就是通過專業人士的幫助。
Several therapies that teach adults skills to help them interact with children
一些教授成人技能、幫助他們與兒童互動的療法
have been shown to reduce the chance of abusive behaviors in people who are at risk of showing them.
已經被證明可以減少有風險的人群出現虐待行為的可能性。
One 2007 study published in the journal Child Abuse and Neglect
2007年發表在《兒童虐待與忽視》雜志上的一項研究
looked at people who received a treatment program focusing on interpersonal and relationship skills.
調查了接受治療項目的人們，這個項目專注于人際關系技能。
These people had lower rates of partner violence than an at-risk control group,
這些人的伴侶暴力率低于風險控制組，
measured at a check-in 16 years after the program ended.
結果是根據項目結束16年后的登記衡量的。
So, unfortunately, abuse is a distressing example of how we can learn harmful behavior from our parents.
所以，不幸的是，虐待是我們從父母那里學到的有害行為中的一個痛苦例子。
But nothing is set in stone.
但沒有什么是一成不變的。
Through more research, therapy, and more people being conscious of risks and seeking help,
通過更多的研究和治療，更多的人意識到了風險并尋求幫助，
psychologists are working to improve lives.
心理學家也正在努力改善生活。
And, in the end, you get to choose who you are and what you do.
最后，你可以選擇你是誰，以及你要做什么。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感謝您收看本期的心理科學秀！
If you're interested in learning more about complicated and potentially harmful relationships,
如果你有興趣了解更多復雜潛在的有害關系，
you can check out our video about codependency.
可以看看“情感依賴癥”的那期視頻。
