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Imagine opening your eyes tomorrow morning and realizing that you died in your sleep.
想象一下：你明天早上睜開眼睛，意識到自己在睡夢中死去了。
It's not like in a horror movie; you're not a ghost or a zombie.
這不像恐怖電影的場景；你不是鬼，也不是僵尸。
You're just very, very sure that you're not alive anymore,
你只是非常非常地確信你不再活著，
even though you're still walking and talking. That's Cotard's Syndrome.
即使你仍在走路和說話。這就是科塔爾綜合癥。
First described in 1880, people with Cotard's Syndrome believe they're dead, never existed,
第一例描述是在1880年，科塔爾綜合癥患者認(rèn)為自己死了，不存在了，
or that parts of their own body have spontaneously vanished or been destroyed.
或者自己身體的那些部位已經(jīng)自發(fā)地消失或被摧毀了。
It's rare, and there hasn't been a whole lot of research into it.
這種病癥很罕見，而且沒有太多研究。
But studying Cotard's Syndrome has helped psychologists
但對科塔爾綜合癥的研究已經(jīng)幫助心理學(xué)家
gain a better understanding of how our brains create what we consider reality.
更好地理解大腦是如何創(chuàng)造我們對現(xiàn)實(shí)的認(rèn)知的。
According to case reports, being dead is a very stressful experience.
病例報告上說死亡是一種非常有壓力的經(jīng)歷。
It dominates everything in your life, socializing, self-care,
它主宰著你生活的方方面面，
and even eating become far less important when you're no longer part of the land of the living.
你不再活著時，社交、自理，甚至吃飯也變得不重要了。
And the fact that your friends and family don't seem to notice only adds to the anxiety.
你的朋友和家人似乎沒有留心你的事實(shí)只會增加你的焦慮感。
In one case published in a 2009 study,
在2009年研究公布的一項(xiàng)病例中，
an 88-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for a severe depressive episode.
一名88歲的男子因嚴(yán)重抑郁而入院。
He explained that he was depressed because he had passed away recently,
他解釋說他很沮喪，因?yàn)樗罱ナ懒耍?/div>
but none of the people he knew had bothered to bury him.
但他認(rèn)識的人中沒有一個人愿意埋葬他。
In another case from the same study,
在同項(xiàng)研究的另一個案例中，
a 46-year-old woman explained that she was 'a body without content',
一個46歲的女人解釋說她“身體是空的”，
that her brain and intestines had vanished, and that she was translucent.
她的大腦和腸子都消失了，她是半透明的。
She refused to bathe because she believed that she was soluble,
她拒絕洗澡，因?yàn)樗嘈抛约嚎扇埽?/div>
and her body might wash away if she did.
如果洗澡的話，身體可能被沖走。
Cotard's is very distinctive, but it's not listed as a standalone disorder in the DSM 5,
科塔爾綜合癥非常獨(dú)特，但它并沒有被列為DSM 5中的獨(dú)立障礙，
the guide mental health professionals use for diagnosis.
DSM 5用來指導(dǎo)精神衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行診斷。
Instead, it falls under the category of somatic delusions, untrue beliefs about the body,
相反，它被歸類為軀體妄想，即對身體有不真實(shí)的信念，
and is usually seen as a rare symptom of depression and psychosis.
通常被認(rèn)為是抑郁癥和精神病的罕見癥狀。
That makes it hard to estimate the exact prevalence of Cotard's,
這讓科塔爾綜合癥的確切發(fā)病率變得很難估計，
but we know it's uncommon, and seems to become slightly less rare as people get older.
但我們知道它不常見，隨著人們年齡的增長，它似乎變得不那么罕見了。
One study looked at two years of general psychiatric admissions to hospitals in Mexico
一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了墨西哥醫(yī)院兩年來的一般精神病人數(shù)，
and found that only around 0.62% of patients exhibited Cotard's.
發(fā)現(xiàn)只有大約0.62%的病人表現(xiàn)出了科塔爾綜合癥。
And another, which looked at the elderly population in Hong Kong,
另一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了香港的老年人口，
found that around 3.2% of those with severe depression showed symptoms of Cotard's.
發(fā)現(xiàn)3.2%嚴(yán)重抑郁癥患者表現(xiàn)出科塔爾綜合癥的癥狀。
Psychologists still don't know exactly how the delusion develops,
心理學(xué)家仍不知道這種錯覺是如何發(fā)展的，
but understanding the root of Cotard's Syndrome
但是了解科塔爾綜合癥的根源
can help them piece together the psychological and neurological components
能幫助他們找出心理和神經(jīng)方面的因素，
behind our connection to our body and our sense of being alive.
這些因素隱藏在身體與活著的感覺的聯(lián)系中。
Research suggests that the symptoms most likely come from problems
研究表明，這些癥狀很可能是
with the parts of the brain associated with facial recognition and emotional response.
與面部識別和情緒反應(yīng)相關(guān)的大腦部分出得問題。
When you look at another person, or even yourself,
當(dāng)你看著另一個人甚至你自己時
a bunch of separate areas of your brain work together to process the specific physical features of that person,
你大腦的一堆獨(dú)立區(qū)域開始協(xié)同工作，來處理那個人的具體身體特征，
and your memories associated with them, bringing it all together into one complete perception.
以及與他們相關(guān)的記憶，并把所有東西整合在一起形成一個完整感知。
With Cotard's, scientists think the part of the brain
科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為科塔爾綜合癥患者
that connects those bodily perceptions to previously established emotions isn't working the way it's supposed to.
將身體感覺與先前確立的情感聯(lián)系起來的大腦部分并沒有按照預(yù)期方式運(yùn)作。
It's likely that when people look in the mirror and recognize their own face
就像人們照鏡子識別自己的面孔時，
but feel no emotional connection to it,
并沒有感覺到情感上的聯(lián)系，
their brain misinterprets that disconnect as a more fundamental change.
他們的大腦錯誤地將這種脫節(jié)視為一種更根本的變化。
And people with depression might be more likely to believe
而抑郁癥患者更有可能相信
that this intangible change must mean they've passed away.
這種無形變化一定意味著他們已經(jīng)去世了。
But not all patients, not even all depressed ones,
但并不是所有認(rèn)知與情感脫節(jié)的患者，甚至是所有認(rèn)知與情感脫節(jié)的抑郁癥患者
with this kind of disconnect between recognition and emotion exhibit Cotard's Syndrome.
都表現(xiàn)出科塔爾綜合癥。
That's where the association with psychosis comes in.
這就是科塔爾綜合癥與精神病的關(guān)聯(lián)之處。
Psychosis is when someone loses touch with reality,
精神病是指一個人失去了與現(xiàn)實(shí)的聯(lián)系，
which means their rational thinking is impaired.
這意味著他們的理性思維受到了損害。
And it takes that kind of cognitive impairment to believe something that's obviously not true.
它利用認(rèn)知障礙去相信一些明顯不真實(shí)的東西。
Since someone with psychosis isn't thinking rationally,
因?yàn)榫癫』颊卟荒芾硇运伎迹?/div>
they don't automatically reject that gnawing "I must be dead" feeling
他們不會自動拒絕痛苦的“我一定是死了”的感覺。
they get when they don't feel emotionally connected to their own reflection.
當(dāng)他們沒有感受到與反射的情感聯(lián)系時，他們就會有這種感覺。
So once they realize something feels unfamiliar about themselves,
所以他們一旦意識到對自己的某些事不熟悉，
they end up with a prolonged, upsetting delusion that they're dead,
就會最終產(chǎn)生一種長期的“他們死了”的痛苦錯覺，
instead of shrugging off the idea as impossible.
而不是盡可能擺脫這一想法。
Since Cotard's Syndrome is fairly rare, there haven't been any clinical studies on the best way to treat it.
由于科塔爾綜合癥非常罕見，還沒有任何臨床研究用最好的方式來治療它。
Doctors usually treat Cotard's similarly to psychotic depression,
醫(yī)生們通常用治療精神抑郁癥的方法治療它，
with a combination of medications, and sometimes electroconvulsive therapy,
用結(jié)合藥物治療，有時用電休克療法，
which uses electricity to stimulate the brain.
即利用電流刺激大腦。
Sometimes it works; sometimes it doesn't.
這種方法有時有效，有時不起作用。
This is one of those illnesses that reminds us just how powerful and bizarre the brain is.
科塔爾綜合癥是提醒我們大腦有多么強(qiáng)大和怪異的疾病之一。
It's hard to imagine losing the feeling that you're still alive.
很難想象失去你還活著的感覺。
But studying Cotard's Syndrome can teach us a lot about our brains:
但研究科塔爾綜合癥可以告訴我們很多大腦知識：
the emotional connection that preserves our sense of being alive,
保持我們活著的感覺的情感聯(lián)系，
and how losing that connection can make someone believe they've died.
失去這種聯(lián)系會讓人相信他們已經(jīng)死了。
And hopefully, with more research, we'll also find better ways to treat it.
希望通過更多研究，我們能找到更好的治療方法。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感謝您收看本期的心理科學(xué)秀。
If you're interested in learning more about how our minds work,
如果你對了解更多的大腦工作感興趣，
you can go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
可以登錄youtube.com/scishowpsych點(diǎn)擊訂閱。
| 重點(diǎn)單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| previously | ['pri:vju:sli] |
想一想再看 adv. 先前，在此之前 |
||
| impossible | [im'pɔsəbl] |
想一想再看 adj. 不可能的，做不到的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| disconnect | [.diskə'nekt] |
想一想再看 vt. 使分離 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| somatic | [səu'mætik] |
想一想再看 adj. 身體的，肉體的，體壁的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| category | ['kætigəri] |
想一想再看 n. 種類，類別 |
||
| stressful | ['stresfəl] |
想一想再看 adj. 緊張的，壓力重的 |
||
| exhibit | [ig'zibit] |
想一想再看 v. 陳列，展覽，展示 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| recognize | ['rekəgnaiz] |
想一想再看 vt. 認(rèn)出，認(rèn)可，承認(rèn)，意識到，表示感激 |
||
| spontaneously | [spɔn'teiniəsli] |
想一想再看 adv. 自發(fā)地，自生地，自然產(chǎn)生地 |
||
| delusion | [di'lu:ʒən] |
想一想再看 n. 錯覺 |
聯(lián)想記憶 |
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