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We move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin.
我們開始了第三階段的訓(xùn)練。只把一枚硬幣留在機(jī)器上。
Now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing, this really pisses them off.
此時(shí)烏鴉飛過來，看到?jīng)]有食物，自然覺得很泄氣--我們?nèi)艘惨粯勇铩?/div>
So they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something: sweep things out of the way with their beak.
所以它們出于尋找食物的本能--用它的喙在機(jī)器上掃來掃去。
They do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot.
不經(jīng)意的把硬幣碰到硬幣口里去了。
When that happens, they get a peanut. This goes on for some time.
于是它獲得了一顆花生。
The crows learn that all they have to do is show up, wait for the coin to come out, put it in the slot, then get their peanut.
于是它們也學(xué)會了，每次都來這里，只要把機(jī)器上的硬幣丟到硬幣口，就能吃得到花生。
When they're good and comfortable with that, we move to the final stage, where they show up and nothing happens.
當(dāng)他們對此過程非常熟練及滿足以后，我們進(jìn)入訓(xùn)練的最后一個(gè)階段，它們來到機(jī)器旁邊，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)什么也沒有。
This is where we see the difference between crows and other animals.
注意，就是這個(gè)關(guān)鍵的地方可以看出烏鴉是多么聰明。
Squirrels, for example, would show up, look for the peanut, go away.
要是一只松鼠，它來到機(jī)器旁，尋找花生，找不到就走了。
Come back, look for the peanut, go away.
隔天再來，又是沒有，又跑回去。
They do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored, and then they go off and play in traffic.
如此反復(fù)五六次，它們也就覺得沒意思了。
Crows, on the other hand, show up and they try and figure it out.
而烏鴉則不一樣，它們要尋找出一個(gè)究竟。
They know this machine has been messing with them through three different stages of behavior.
通過前面三個(gè)階段，并且這樣的玩笑越開越大。
They figure there must be more to it. So they poke at it and peck at it.
它們覺得肯定還有更多方式獲得花生。它們又是用頭撞，又是用嘴咬。
And eventually some crow gets a bright idea:
偶爾間有一些烏鴉想到了一個(gè)絕妙的主意：
"Hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage,
“嘿，大家還記得地面上放的那一大堆硬幣么，
hops down, picks it up, drops it in the slot, and we're off to the races.
于是它們飛過來，銜起硬幣，扔進(jìn)投幣孔。
That crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts, until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.
它們發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎么吃得上花生了！這樣的技巧先是為第一批到來的烏鴉所壟斷，可慢慢的別的烏鴉也學(xué)會了……故事到此為止。
So, what's significant about this to me isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts.
從這個(gè)故事我們得出結(jié)論：我們可以訓(xùn)練烏鴉，讓它們通過售貨機(jī)吃上花生。
Mind you, there's 216 million dollars' worth of change lost every year, but I'm not sure I can depend on that ROI from crows.
你知不知道，每一年都有價(jià)值2.16億的硬幣丟在大街上。嘿，當(dāng)然，我不是想靠烏鴉來賺錢。
Instead, I think we should look a little bit larger. I think crows can be trained to do other things.
我們的眼光可以放遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)：我覺得我們可以訓(xùn)練烏鴉來做其他事。
For example, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events?
比如，為何不可以通過訓(xùn)練，讓烏鴉給體育館撿垃圾？
Or find expensive components from discarded electronics? Or maybe do search and rescue?
或者讓它們幫助我們從大堆的廢棄電子元件里頭挑出有用的部件？又或者讓它們參與搜救工作？
The main point of all this for me is, we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species.
我這個(gè)演講的主要的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是，我們可以尋找到一種與此類動物共存的途徑。
We can find ways to interact with these other species that doesn't involve exterminating them,
我們能找到與其他族群共處的方式，而不僅僅是滅絕它們，
but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance. Thanks very much.
我們可以和它們實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏。非常感謝大家。
