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So they're learning from each other. And research bears this out.
烏鴉通過互相學習，都掌握了這種技巧。
Parents seem to be teaching their young. They learn from their peers, they learn from their enemies.
烏鴉父母還教會自己的孩子這樣的技巧呢。它們向同伴學習，也向它們的敵人學習。
If I have a little extra time, I'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity that illustrates that nicely.
如果我還有更多演講時間，我會告訴你們一個有關烏鴉背信的案例，來更好地證明我的觀點。
The point being, they've developed cultural adaptation.
最關鍵的是它們學會了適應不同的生態(tài)文化。
And as we heard yesterday, that's the Pandora's box that's getting human beings in trouble, and we're starting to see it with them.
就如昨天我們聽到的那樣，是潘多拉之盒將人類引入混亂，現(xiàn)在是開始著手解決它的時候了。
They're able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt to new challenges and new resources in their environment,
他們能快速且融洽地適應新的挑戰(zhàn)及環(huán)境中的新資源，
which is really useful if you live in a city.
對于城市生活來說，這可真有用。
So we know that there's lots of crows. We found out they're really smart and they can teach each other.
好了，現(xiàn)在我們都知道城市里有大量的烏鴉，它們很聰明，還懂得相互間分享生存的秘訣。
When all this became clear, I realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine. So that's what we did.
當我知道這一切以后，我決定要專門為它們做一臺自動售貨機。并且還做成功了。
This is a vending machine for crows. And it uses Skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages.
這就是烏鴉專用自動售貨機：我們用斯金納（操作性條件反射）理論，分四階段訓練法來訓練烏鴉。
It's pretty simple. Basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field or someplace where there's lots of crows.
其實也很簡單。首先，我們把這樣的機器放到田野或者烏鴉經(jīng)常出沒的地方。
We put coins and peanuts all around the base of the machine.
在機器的底部放上一大堆的硬幣和花生。
Crows eventually come by, eat the peanuts, and get used to the machine being there.
烏鴉來了，吃掉機器上的花生，并且也習慣了機器的存在。
Eventually, they eat all the peanuts. Then they see peanuts here on the feeder tray, and hop up and help themselves.
吃光了地面的花生以后，它們發(fā)現(xiàn)在售貨機的出貨口那里也有很多花生，于是就跳到上面，也同樣盡享美味。
Then they leave, the machine spits up more coins and peanuts, and life is dandy if you're a crow
每一天，那機器上都會放滿了硬幣和花生。嘿，要是當那樣的一只烏鴉也不錯喲，
you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.
每天都不愁吃的。
So when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back.
當它們都習慣這樣的生活，我們繼續(xù)下一步。
Now they're used to the sound of the machine; they keep coming back and digging out peanuts from the pile of coins that's there.
我們等到烏鴉都習慣于機器的聲音，就把花生蓋在硬幣底下，它們飛過來，掀開硬幣，就能吃得到花生。
When they get really happy about this, we stymie them.
它們也挺開心的。這時，我們決定給它們制造一些困難。
