過去完成時
過去完成時 (The Past Perfect Tense):表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作對過去的某一點造成的某種影響或是結(jié)果,用來指在另一個過去行動之前就已經(jīng)完成了的事件。它表示動作發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”,側(cè)重事情的結(jié)果。
基本句型
①肯定句:主語+had+動詞過去分詞
②否定句:主語+had+not+done
③一般疑問句:Had+主語+done 肯定回答:Yes, I had. 否定回答:No, I hadn't.
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(had+主語+過去分詞+其他)
⑤被動時態(tài):主語+had(not) +been+動詞過去分詞+其他
例句:1. Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他是我的好朋友。
2. I didn't know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我對動詞一無所知,因為我沒有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
3. He said that he had known her well.
他說,他很了解她。
4. I thought I had sent the letter a week before
我以為前一周我寄了那封信的。
5. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
馬克思到英國后,他努力提高他的英語水平。
6. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
當我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。
7. We had hoped to be able to come and see you
我們希望能被允許來看你。
8. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year
這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)。
9. I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night
到昨晚9點鐘,我已經(jīng)讀完這本小說。
如何判定過去完成時?
1. 由時間狀語來判定:
一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:
(1) by + 過去的時間點。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
昨晚九點我已看完這本小說了。
(2) by the end of + 過去的時間點。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了二千多個英語單詞。
(3) before + 過去的時間點。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上星期三之前,他們已經(jīng)種了六百棵樹了。
2. 由“過去的過去”來判定:
過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
(1) 賓語從句中
當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
她說她已經(jīng)看過這部電影了。
(2) 狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時。
如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
做完作業(yè)后,他上床睡覺了。
(3) 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示“原本…,未能…”
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
我們原本希望你來,但你沒有來。
注意:before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如:
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
他關(guān)上了門,離開了教室。
3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定:
I met Lao Wang in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
我昨天在街上遇見了老王。自從他去北京,我們都沒有見過面。